{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417440367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","title":"Ancient genomes from the siege and destruction of Middle Bronze Age Roca Vecchia (Apulia, Italy) shed light on Aegean contacts and conflicts","display_name":"Ancient genomes from the siege and destruction of Middle Bronze Age Roca Vecchia (Apulia, Italy) shed light on Aegean contacts and conflicts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417440367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030168681","display_name":"Serena Aneli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-2507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-2507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","display_name":"University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Serena Aneli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Turin;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-2507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Turin;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Valeria Nicolini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0622-1397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0622-1397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Nicolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0622-1397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055689587","display_name":"Giorgia Vincenti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-1932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-1932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142910587","display_name":"University of Salento","ror":"https://ror.org/03fc1k060","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgia Vincenti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salento;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salento;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005542782","display_name":"Francesco Montinaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4506-963X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4506-963X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Montinaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bari: Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4506-963X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bari: Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039144446","display_name":"Stefania Sasso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1090-5731","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1090-5731"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Sasso","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tartu;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1090-5731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055875467","display_name":"Tina Saupe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1489-9646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1489-9646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tina Saupe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1489-9646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099432085","display_name":"Helja Kabral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6068-0650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6068-0650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helja Kabral","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tartu;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6068-0650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046134634","display_name":"Anu Solnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5615-5726","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5615-5726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anu Solnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tartu;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5615-5726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076155453","display_name":"Kristiina Tambets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8173-6380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8173-6380"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristiina Tambets","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tartu;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8173-6380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058467614","display_name":"Riccardo Guglielmino","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142910587","display_name":"University of Salento","ror":"https://ror.org/03fc1k060","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Guglielmino","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salento;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salento;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046328993","display_name":"Pier Francesco Fabbri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-0178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-0178"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pier Francesco Fabbri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089750343","display_name":"Luca Pagani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-524X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-524X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Pagani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padova"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-524X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padova","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030168681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13068","display_name":"Ancient Mediterranean Archaeology and History","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-bronze-age","display_name":"Middle Bronze Age","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-genomes","display_name":"ancient genomes","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demic-diffusion","display_name":"demic diffusion","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-diffusion","display_name":"cultural diffusion","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-mediterranean","display_name":"Central Mediterranean","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aegean-pottery","display_name":"Aegean pottery","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186857363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188055","display_name":"Siege","level":2,"score":0.8120999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130056557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11642","display_name":"Pottery","level":2,"score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120876096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11761","display_name":"Bronze Age","level":2,"score":0.743399977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123588078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34763","display_name":"Peninsula","level":2,"score":0.6603999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.620199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.5949000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143128703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12554","display_name":"Middle Ages","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778478046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095","display_name":"Bronze","level":2,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4646841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13996","display_name":"Mediterranean climate","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204852536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11756","display_name":"Prehistory","level":2,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3651065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7204","display_name":"Middle East","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58009596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11764","display_name":"Iron Age","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.15.694319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1810959788","https://openalex.org/W2009171503","https://openalex.org/W2032447641","https://openalex.org/W2036897871","https://openalex.org/W2038810697","https://openalex.org/W2052818328","https://openalex.org/W2099085143","https://openalex.org/W2103441770","https://openalex.org/W2108169091","https://openalex.org/W2108234281","https://openalex.org/W2119180969","https://openalex.org/W2119444539","https://openalex.org/W2122015114","https://openalex.org/W2129034036","https://openalex.org/W2150131459","https://openalex.org/W2150163641","https://openalex.org/W2157107905","https://openalex.org/W2166214412","https://openalex.org/W2336818861","https://openalex.org/W2504121104","https://openalex.org/W2970150218","https://openalex.org/W3160956949","https://openalex.org/W3168165486","https://openalex.org/W4205227365","https://openalex.org/W4362653149","https://openalex.org/W4365146423","https://openalex.org/W4375928355","https://openalex.org/W4391717697","https://openalex.org/W4399559109","https://openalex.org/W4401520382","https://openalex.org/W4407363358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399559109","https://openalex.org/W7217421084","https://openalex.org/W7218220945","https://openalex.org/W7218257517","https://openalex.org/W3182309335","https://openalex.org/W7071385694","https://openalex.org/W7218152710","https://openalex.org/W7217156489","https://openalex.org/W7217786103","https://openalex.org/W2775687104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Roca":[2,73,219,258,289],"Vecchia,":[3,220],"an":[4,94,99,113,125],"iconic":[5],"Bronze":[6,166],"Age":[7,167,201],"stronghold":[8,46],"in":[9,149,243,277,296],"Apulia,":[10],"Southern":[11],"Italy,":[12],"was":[13,227,275],"completely":[14],"destroyed":[15],"during":[16],"a":[17,198,231,266],"siege":[18,82,172],"between":[19,102],"the":[20,23,28,31,36,40,45,62,65,78,81,103,106,110,118,122,132,140,146,150,171,176,195,215,222,225,255,272,278,288,297],"end":[21],"of":[22,30,39,64,80,121,145,161,175,218,224,246,254,257,268],"15th":[24],"century":[25,33],"BCE":[26],"and":[27,75,93,105,135,173,178,191,280],"beginning":[29],"14th":[32],"BCE.":[34],"During":[35],"siege,":[37,226],"seven":[38],"local":[41,88,216],"people":[42],"hid":[43],"within":[44],"walls.":[47],"Two":[48],"others,":[49],"who":[50,250],"could":[51],"have":[52],"been":[53],"as":[54,57],"well":[55],"attackers":[56],"defenders,":[58],"were":[59,251],"found":[60,71],"under":[61],"ruins":[63],"main":[66],"gate.":[67],"The":[68],"material":[69],"culture":[70],"at":[72,221],"Vecchia":[74,290],"associated":[76],"with":[77,128,131,170,187,206,230,282],"period":[79],"includes":[83],"Minoan-type":[84],"pottery":[85,92],"produced":[86],"from":[87,209,271],"clay,":[89],"imported":[90],"Aegean":[91,133,291],"Aegean-type":[95],"dagger,":[96],"pointing":[97],"to":[98,116,136],"established":[100],"relationship":[101],"site":[104,111,279],"Minoan":[107,147,233,236,273],"civilization.":[108],"Therefore,":[109],"offers":[112],"unprecedented":[114],"opportunity":[115],"characterise":[117],"genetic":[119,204,237],"components":[120],"population":[123,217,292],"inhabiting":[124],"indigenous":[126],"settlement":[127],"increasing":[129],"contacts":[130],"world,":[134],"shed":[137],"light":[138],"on":[139],"demic":[141],"or":[142],"cultural":[143],"modes":[144],"presence":[148],"central":[151],"Mediterranean.":[152],"Results":[153],"With":[154],"our":[155],"work,":[156],"we":[157],"sampled":[158],"six":[159],"out":[160,245],"nine":[162],"available":[163,188],"unburied":[164],"Middle":[165],"individuals,":[168],"contemporary":[169],"destruction":[174],"site,":[177],"obtained":[179],"genome-wide":[180],"information":[181],"for":[182],"two":[183,247],"individuals.":[184],"When":[185],"compared":[186],"Minoan,":[189],"Apulian":[190],"broadly":[192],"Mediterranean":[193],"genomes,":[194],"individuals":[196,249],"showed":[197],"characteristic":[199],"Bronze/Iron":[200],"Italian":[202],"peninsula":[203],"signature,":[205],"limited":[207],"contribution":[208],"Minoans.":[210],"Conclusions":[211],"We":[212],"conclude":[213],"that":[214,265,287],"moment":[223],"predominantly":[228],"autochthonous,":[229],"minoritarian":[232],"component.":[234],"A":[235],"signal":[238],"is":[239],"indeed":[240],"likely":[241],"present":[242],"one":[244],"analysed":[248],"certainly":[252],"part":[253],"dwellers":[256],"Vecchia.":[259],"This":[260],"confirms":[261],"previous":[262],"hypotheses":[263],"supposing":[264],"nucleus":[267],"\u201cforeigners\u201d":[269],"coming":[270],"world":[274],"living":[276],"mixed":[281],"locals.":[283],"Archaeological":[284],"data":[285],"suggest":[286],"component":[293],"probably":[294],"increased":[295],"following":[298],"centuries.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}