{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417360477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412","title":"Fundamentals of Cooling Rate and Its Thermodynamic Interactions in Material Extrusion","display_name":"Fundamentals of Cooling Rate and Its Thermodynamic Interactions in Material Extrusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417360477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmmp9120412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/9/12/412/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232045","display_name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","issn_l":"2504-4494","issn":["2504-4494"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/9/12/412/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ahmad Saeed Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3721-4219","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3721-4219"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52207611","display_name":"Al Baha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0403jak37","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52207611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Saeed Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK","Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Baha University, Alaqiq 65779-7738, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3721-4219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Baha University, Alaqiq 65779-7738, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52207611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026795955","display_name":"Muhammad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-1288","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-1288","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-2304","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8676-5922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-1288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083102441","display_name":"Feiyang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4457-4343","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4457-4343"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feiyang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026795955"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":1.1225,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76433046,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"412","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/material-extrusion","display_name":"material extrusion","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooling-rate","display_name":"cooling rate","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermoplastics","display_name":"thermoplastics","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microstructure","display_name":"microstructure","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-history","display_name":"thermal history","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chain-mobility","display_name":"polymer chain mobility","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-properties","display_name":"mechanical properties","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-manufacturing-process-parameters","display_name":"additive manufacturing process parameters","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-part-quality","display_name":"printed part quality","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778958987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143","display_name":"Extrusion","level":2,"score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6467999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781247691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380677","display_name":"Thermoplastic","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31555180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523867","display_name":"Material properties","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97103648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738101","display_name":"Plastics extrusion","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7694927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7667810","display_name":"Water cooling","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019308078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printed","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780443751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6786565","display_name":"Material selection","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39353612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature range","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131321042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656685","display_name":"Operating temperature","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993417483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380677","display_name":"Thermoplastic polymer","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmmp9120412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/9/12/412/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232045","display_name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","issn_l":"2504-4494","issn":["2504-4494"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:63a32c0f81b34979909d1526a98dab6e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/63a32c0f81b34979909d1526a98dab6e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Vol 9, Iss 12, p 412 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/24764","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/24764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmmp9120412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/9/12/412/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232045","display_name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","issn_l":"2504-4494","issn":["2504-4494"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316465","display_name":"Albaha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0403jak37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417360477.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417360477.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580406644","https://openalex.org/W1567654883","https://openalex.org/W1964455644","https://openalex.org/W1969634058","https://openalex.org/W1973464981","https://openalex.org/W1974962567","https://openalex.org/W1984164431","https://openalex.org/W1991835690","https://openalex.org/W2013789980","https://openalex.org/W2021883569","https://openalex.org/W2036828531","https://openalex.org/W2043658412","https://openalex.org/W2070375226","https://openalex.org/W2122818133","https://openalex.org/W2319504957","https://openalex.org/W2418453408","https://openalex.org/W2758372104","https://openalex.org/W2801723236","https://openalex.org/W2885435251","https://openalex.org/W2902237928","https://openalex.org/W2911323557","https://openalex.org/W2913771262","https://openalex.org/W2951124022","https://openalex.org/W2965274764","https://openalex.org/W2965965814","https://openalex.org/W2970677717","https://openalex.org/W2982322269","https://openalex.org/W2994867059","https://openalex.org/W2995725238","https://openalex.org/W2998098840","https://openalex.org/W3006282413","https://openalex.org/W3018815244","https://openalex.org/W3019006567","https://openalex.org/W3019289783","https://openalex.org/W3034347380","https://openalex.org/W3089208604","https://openalex.org/W3111599184","https://openalex.org/W3126146369","https://openalex.org/W3128261443","https://openalex.org/W3129990666","https://openalex.org/W3133630445","https://openalex.org/W3158284623","https://openalex.org/W3165778404","https://openalex.org/W3166511365","https://openalex.org/W3175015615","https://openalex.org/W3177738648","https://openalex.org/W3183504839","https://openalex.org/W3189218300","https://openalex.org/W3191451042","https://openalex.org/W3207013221","https://openalex.org/W3210521482","https://openalex.org/W4210245845","https://openalex.org/W4210279934","https://openalex.org/W4214595800","https://openalex.org/W4214676493","https://openalex.org/W4220948779","https://openalex.org/W4220966932","https://openalex.org/W4233480432","https://openalex.org/W4280616606","https://openalex.org/W4281571349","https://openalex.org/W4288721398","https://openalex.org/W4313584881","https://openalex.org/W4318408316","https://openalex.org/W4360850951","https://openalex.org/W4367051593","https://openalex.org/W4367183018","https://openalex.org/W4377115417","https://openalex.org/W4384338874","https://openalex.org/W4387226846","https://openalex.org/W4388570745","https://openalex.org/W4388973081","https://openalex.org/W4389247370","https://openalex.org/W4389794352","https://openalex.org/W4390839186","https://openalex.org/W4391508671","https://openalex.org/W4391530597","https://openalex.org/W4394711665","https://openalex.org/W4395005280","https://openalex.org/W4396954680","https://openalex.org/W4399055897","https://openalex.org/W4399430236","https://openalex.org/W4399993019","https://openalex.org/W4400469328","https://openalex.org/W4400528800","https://openalex.org/W4401814982","https://openalex.org/W4402149412","https://openalex.org/W4402200572","https://openalex.org/W4402762808","https://openalex.org/W4402824545","https://openalex.org/W4406800242","https://openalex.org/W4406969345","https://openalex.org/W4407184123","https://openalex.org/W4408229668","https://openalex.org/W4410056070","https://openalex.org/W4410520509","https://openalex.org/W4411180254","https://openalex.org/W4412017784","https://openalex.org/W4414138759"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411207615","https://openalex.org/W4413433563","https://openalex.org/W2950554858","https://openalex.org/W4394750866","https://openalex.org/W3179198284","https://openalex.org/W4391522985","https://openalex.org/W4376278566","https://openalex.org/W4312412349","https://openalex.org/W7154797389","https://openalex.org/W4386345586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Material":[0],"Extrusion":[1],"(ME)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,23,61,110,132,197],"layer-by-layer":[5],"additive":[6],"manufacturing":[7],"technique":[8],"that":[9,45,178],"has":[10,67,117,172],"gained":[11],"prominence":[12],"due":[13,40],"to":[14,22,41,87,162,202],"its":[15],"simplicity,":[16],"cost-effectiveness,":[17],"design":[18],"freedom,":[19],"and":[20,82,150,180,199],"adaptability":[21],"wide":[24],"range":[25],"of":[26,33,57,75,91,107,114,140,153,158,166,186,193],"thermoplastic":[27],"materials.":[28],"However,":[29],"the":[30,50,72,76,89,98,105,115,137,154,163,167,184,190,203],"mechanical":[31,58,164],"performance":[32],"ME-printed":[34],"parts":[35,195],"often":[36],"remains":[37],"suboptimal,":[38],"primarily":[39],"complex":[42],"thermal":[43,138],"phenomena":[44],"govern":[46],"microstructural":[47,151,191],"development":[48],"during":[49],"printing":[51,65,94],"process,":[52,116],"which":[53,143,159],"are":[54,126,160],"key":[55],"determinants":[56],"strength.":[59],"As":[60],"result,":[62],"optimizing":[63],"thermodynamic":[64,112],"parameters":[66],"become":[68],"essential":[69],"for":[70],"improving":[71],"overall":[73],"quality":[74],"printed":[77,141,168],"parts.":[78],"Extensive":[79],"research":[80,123],"articles":[81],"reviews":[83],"have":[84],"been":[85,118,173],"published":[86],"explore":[88],"effect":[90,106],"many":[92],"ME":[93,194],"parameter":[95,113],"settings":[96],"on":[97,189],"resultant":[99],"product":[100],"characteristics.":[101],"Despite":[102],"this":[103,176],"focus,":[104],"cooling":[108,187],"rate,":[109],"critical":[111],"largely":[119],"overlooked":[120],"in":[121,135,144],"current":[122],"when":[124],"they":[125],"critically":[127],"reviewed.":[128],"Cooling":[129],"rate":[130,188],"plays":[131],"central":[133],"role":[134],"determining":[136],"history":[139],"material,":[142,156],"turn":[145],"influences":[146],"polymer":[147],"chain":[148],"mobility":[149],"features":[152],"extruded":[155],"all":[157],"crucial":[161],"integrity":[165],"part.":[169],"Thus,":[170],"it":[171],"concluded":[174],"by":[175],"review":[177],"analytical":[179],"empirical":[181],"investigations":[182],"into":[183],"influence":[185],"properties":[192],"represent":[196],"valuable":[198],"novel":[200],"contribution":[201],"academic":[204],"field.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-12-16T00:00:00"}
