{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417251663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","title":"Generalizable CNN-based detection of form and speed errors in physiotherapy using multimodal activity images","display_name":"Generalizable CNN-based detection of form and speed errors in physiotherapy using multimodal activity images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417251663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41381627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-27590-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-27590-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116093788","display_name":"Nazgol Gharsi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazgol Gharsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & Dynamic Systems Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & Dynamic Systems Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064041436","display_name":"Mohammad Shahbazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-6756","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-6756"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shahbazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & Dynamic Systems Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran. shahbazi@iust.ac.ir","AI & Dynamic Systems Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & Dynamic Systems Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran. shahbazi@iust.ac.ir","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & Dynamic Systems Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27159226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"43639","last_page":"43639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoulder-rehabilitation","display_name":"shoulder rehabilitation","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-sensor-fusion","display_name":"multimodal sensor fusion","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer-wise-relevance-propagation","display_name":"layer-wise relevance propagation","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-interpretability","display_name":"model interpretability","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-based-rehabilitation","display_name":"home-based rehabilitation","score":0.7889999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7972999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6722000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.48019999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098415","descriptor_name":"Convolutional Neural Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098415","descriptor_name":"Convolutional Neural Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D026741","descriptor_name":"Physical Therapy Modalities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D026741","descriptor_name":"Physical Therapy Modalities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-27590-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41381627","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41381627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12698782","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12698782/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27590-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-27590-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417251663.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417251663.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W2605991300","https://openalex.org/W2887191090","https://openalex.org/W2916620825","https://openalex.org/W2919910909","https://openalex.org/W2973136764","https://openalex.org/W2979952234","https://openalex.org/W3044651858","https://openalex.org/W3081080889","https://openalex.org/W4226178808","https://openalex.org/W4280577057","https://openalex.org/W4282981352","https://openalex.org/W4291910399","https://openalex.org/W4296437794","https://openalex.org/W4312078896","https://openalex.org/W4313294819","https://openalex.org/W4317538404","https://openalex.org/W4317624908","https://openalex.org/W4361019875","https://openalex.org/W4361229431","https://openalex.org/W4386820810","https://openalex.org/W4387087593","https://openalex.org/W4387129526","https://openalex.org/W4388231301","https://openalex.org/W4390938960","https://openalex.org/W4391168135","https://openalex.org/W4394951289","https://openalex.org/W4399302667","https://openalex.org/W4400111345","https://openalex.org/W4401160603","https://openalex.org/W4402917181","https://openalex.org/W4407010973","https://openalex.org/W4408780431","https://openalex.org/W4410987571"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"evaluation":[1],"of":[2,149,186],"physiotherapy":[3],"exercises":[4],"is":[5,159],"critical":[6,109],"to":[7,105,161,192],"effective":[8],"rehabilitation":[9,29,205],"and":[10,24,38,53,68,75,122,143,151,165,177,188,195],"injury":[11],"prevention.":[12],"We":[13],"present":[14],"a":[15,34,39,60,90,108,184,199],"multimodal":[16],"deep":[17],"learning":[18],"framework":[19,78],"for":[20,111,140,146,202],"detecting":[21],"both":[22,66],"form":[23,150],"speed":[25,152],"errors":[26],"in":[27,119,124],"shoulder":[28],"exercises,":[30],"using":[31,59],"data":[32,46,58],"from":[33],"standard":[35],"RGB":[36],"camera":[37],"wrist-worn":[40],"smart":[41],"band.":[42],"The":[43,114,169],"exteroceptive":[44],"vision":[45],"are":[47],"first":[48],"transformed":[49],"into":[50],"time-series":[51],"signals":[52],"fused":[54],"with":[55,84,179],"proprioceptive":[56],"accelerometer":[57],"signal-to-activity":[61],"imaging":[62,176],"algorithm":[63],"that":[64],"captures":[65],"spatial":[67],"temporal":[69],"dynamics.":[70],"To":[71],"enhance":[72],"model":[73,163],"performance":[74],"interpretability,":[76],"the":[77],"combines":[79],"convolutional":[80],"neural":[81],"networks":[82],"(CNNs)":[83],"computed":[85],"statistical":[86],"features":[87],"(CF),":[88],"forming":[89],"hybrid":[91],"CNN+CF":[92,171],"architecture.":[93],"This":[94],"integration":[95],"significantly":[96],"improves":[97,135],"accuracy\u2014particularly":[98],"under":[99],"leave-one-out":[100],"cross-validation":[101],"(LOO-CV)\u2014ensuring":[102],"robust":[103],"generalization":[104],"unseen":[106],"users,":[107],"requirement":[110],"real-world":[112],"deployment.":[113],"system":[115],"achieves":[116],"99%":[117],"accuracy":[118,139],"half-half":[120],"validation":[121],"75%":[123],"LOO-CV":[125],"across":[126],"12":[127],"exercise":[128],"classes.":[129],"A":[130],"hierarchical":[131],"classification":[132],"strategy":[133],"further":[134],"performance,":[136],"achieving":[137],"95%":[138],"top-level":[141],"categories":[142],"averaging":[144],"85%":[145],"detailed":[147],"detection":[148],"errors.":[153],"Additionally,":[154],"Layer-wise":[155],"Relevance":[156],"Propagation":[157],"(LRP)":[158],"employed":[160],"interpret":[162],"decisions":[164],"highlight":[166],"contributing":[167],"features.":[168],"proposed":[170],"model,":[172],"underpinned":[173],"by":[174],"signal":[175],"trained":[178],"limited":[180],"data,":[181],"serves":[182],"as":[183],"proof":[185],"concept":[187],"demonstrates":[189],"strong":[190],"robustness":[191],"sensor":[193],"noise":[194],"inter-subject":[196],"variability,":[197],"offering":[198],"scalable":[200],"solution":[201],"unsupervised":[203],"home-based":[204],"monitoring.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}
