{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417153281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","title":"Large language models and large concept models in radiology: Present challenges, future directions, and critical perspectives","display_name":"Large language models and large concept models in radiology: Present challenges, future directions, and critical perspectives","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417153281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41356761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175033026","display_name":"World Journal of Radiology","issn_l":"1949-8470","issn":["1949-8470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315735","host_organization_name":"Baishideng Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315735"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Baishideng Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Journal of Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039322825","display_name":"Suleman Adam Merchant","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800471911","display_name":"Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03fvp2v86","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800471911"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suleman A Merchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, LTM Medical College and LTM General Hospital, Mumbai 400022, Maharashtra, India. suleman.a.merchant@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, LTM Medical College and LTM General Hospital, Mumbai 400022, Maharashtra, India. suleman.a.merchant@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800471911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109236226","display_name":"Neesha Merchant","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neesha Merchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G2C4, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G2C4, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012071093","display_name":"Shaju L Varghese","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaju L Varghese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Imaging, Accura Diagnostic Centre, Mumbai 400014, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Imaging, Accura Diagnostic Centre, Mumbai 400014, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065038313","display_name":"Mohd Javed Saifullah Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-4813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-4813"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Javed S Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0107,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79688528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"114754","last_page":"114754"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-radiology","display_name":"artificial intelligence in radiology","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-data-integration","display_name":"multimodal data integration","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-representation","display_name":"conceptual representation","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-reasoning","display_name":"semantic reasoning","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-bias","display_name":"model bias","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainability","display_name":"explainability","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-reliability","display_name":"model reliability","score":0.7609999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422321","display_name":"Blueprint","level":2,"score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.6811000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43540301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689971","display_name":"Paradigm shift","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53619493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787093","display_name":"Architecture framework","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779791154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258040","display_name":"Model transformation","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509989072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15188241","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","level":4,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175033026","display_name":"World Journal of Radiology","issn_l":"1949-8470","issn":["1949-8470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315735","host_organization_name":"Baishideng Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315735"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Baishideng Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Journal of Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41356761","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41356761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World journal of radiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12679190","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12679190/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"World J Radiol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175033026","display_name":"World Journal of Radiology","issn_l":"1949-8470","issn":["1949-8470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315735","host_organization_name":"Baishideng Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315735"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Baishideng Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Journal of Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":148,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603354103","https://openalex.org/W1904646211","https://openalex.org/W1976047139","https://openalex.org/W2000372221","https://openalex.org/W2018659533","https://openalex.org/W2034431308","https://openalex.org/W2051898696","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069816479","https://openalex.org/W2075750813","https://openalex.org/W2080651898","https://openalex.org/W2081665887","https://openalex.org/W2086772092","https://openalex.org/W2104101804","https://openalex.org/W2104941073","https://openalex.org/W2114215961","https://openalex.org/W2120098058","https://openalex.org/W2122341038","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2146078900","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2316267488","https://openalex.org/W2335998171","https://openalex.org/W2513199158","https://openalex.org/W2545650797","https://openalex.org/W2735575534","https://openalex.org/W2751158451","https://openalex.org/W2888967035","https://openalex.org/W2900388831","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2908201961","https://openalex.org/W2917787367","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2965320624","https://openalex.org/W2971356145","https://openalex.org/W2984273754","https://openalex.org/W2991302197","https://openalex.org/W3014048195","https://openalex.org/W3016902347","https://openalex.org/W3022620543","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3034688782","https://openalex.org/W3045674654","https://openalex.org/W3083410900","https://openalex.org/W3117335379","https://openalex.org/W3127666464","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3134964021","https://openalex.org/W3139815899","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W3185079644","https://openalex.org/W3210719754","https://openalex.org/W3214897310","https://openalex.org/W4206362709","https://openalex.org/W4221092309","https://openalex.org/W4226239659","https://openalex.org/W4226399820","https://openalex.org/W4238516407","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4281289006","https://openalex.org/W4281733456","https://openalex.org/W4283645101","https://openalex.org/W4283706746","https://openalex.org/W4286587266","https://openalex.org/W4297009263","https://openalex.org/W4303614584","https://openalex.org/W4312220150","https://openalex.org/W4322757179","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4362522726","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4376640706","https://openalex.org/W4377940406","https://openalex.org/W4378840507","https://openalex.org/W4378908776","https://openalex.org/W4378983621","https://openalex.org/W4379769651","https://openalex.org/W4380422747","https://openalex.org/W4381587418","https://openalex.org/W4382182493","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4385901626","https://openalex.org/W4385985150","https://openalex.org/W4386185470","https://openalex.org/W4386185606","https://openalex.org/W4386222752","https://openalex.org/W4387015497","https://openalex.org/W4387145092","https://openalex.org/W4387327030","https://openalex.org/W4387389335","https://openalex.org/W4388423579","https://openalex.org/W4389116614","https://openalex.org/W4389217270","https://openalex.org/W4389518962","https://openalex.org/W4389542413","https://openalex.org/W4390704971","https://openalex.org/W4390833703","https://openalex.org/W4390919701","https://openalex.org/W4390961095","https://openalex.org/W4391158318","https://openalex.org/W4391783147","https://openalex.org/W4391940656","https://openalex.org/W4392191303","https://openalex.org/W4392193191","https://openalex.org/W4392539417","https://openalex.org/W4392643126","https://openalex.org/W4392720167","https://openalex.org/W4393154023","https://openalex.org/W4396747282","https://openalex.org/W4399290050","https://openalex.org/W4399781866","https://openalex.org/W4399913870","https://openalex.org/W4400213052","https://openalex.org/W4400324908","https://openalex.org/W4401219650","https://openalex.org/W4401694858","https://openalex.org/W4402385990","https://openalex.org/W4402670290","https://openalex.org/W4402741573","https://openalex.org/W4402860127","https://openalex.org/W4403420201","https://openalex.org/W4403983018","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W4404570405","https://openalex.org/W4404576973","https://openalex.org/W4405354515","https://openalex.org/W4405492798","https://openalex.org/W4406316621","https://openalex.org/W4406658975","https://openalex.org/W4407204088","https://openalex.org/W4407230564","https://openalex.org/W4407364998","https://openalex.org/W4408080028","https://openalex.org/W4408184874","https://openalex.org/W4408259478","https://openalex.org/W4408473333","https://openalex.org/W4409283616","https://openalex.org/W4409684195","https://openalex.org/W4411205108","https://openalex.org/W4411624374","https://openalex.org/W4411953255","https://openalex.org/W4413107515","https://openalex.org/W4413129228","https://openalex.org/W4413312755","https://openalex.org/W4414971074","https://openalex.org/W4417423726"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0,117],"language":[1],"models":[2,119,201,318],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,20,65],"transformative":[7,255],"tools":[8],"in":[9,17,47,127,276,310],"radiology":[10,115,128],"artificial":[11],"intelligence":[12],"(AI),":[13],"offering":[14],"significant":[15],"capabilities":[16],"areas":[18],"such":[19,64],"image":[21],"report":[22],"generation,":[23],"clinical":[24,175],"decision":[25],"support,":[26],"and":[27,55,77,96,104,124,143,157,173,194,221,253,291],"workflow":[28],"optimization.":[29],"The":[30,147],"first":[31],"part":[32,149],"of":[33,40,44,135,150,160,180,186,207,227,244,257,287,308,319],"this":[34,151,181,208,245,258],"manuscript":[35,152],"presents":[36],"a":[37,90,122,187,236,268,288],"comprehensive":[38],"overview":[39],"the":[41,107,133,154,178,184,203,224,228,241,254,284,306,315],"current":[42,94],"state":[43],"LLM":[45],"applications":[46],"radiology,":[48],"including":[49,100],"their":[50,70,163],"historical":[51],"evolution,":[52],"technical":[53],"foundations,":[54],"practical":[56],"uses.":[57],"Despite":[58],"notable":[59],"advances,":[60],"inherent":[61],"architectural":[62,230],"constraints,":[63],"token-level":[66,136],"sequential":[67],"processing,":[68],"limit":[69],"ability":[71],"to":[72,113,131,165,266,296],"perform":[73],"deep":[74],"abstract":[75],"reasoning":[76],"holistic":[78],"contextual":[79],"understanding,":[80],"which":[81],"are":[82,282],"critical":[83,91],"for":[84,110,191,210,240,262,270],"fine-grained":[85],"diagnostic":[86],"interpretation.":[87],"We":[88,247],"provide":[89,267],"perspective":[92],"on":[93],"LLMs":[95],"discuss":[97],"key":[98],"challenges,":[99],"model":[101],"reliability,":[102],"bias,":[103],"explainability,":[105],"highlighting":[106,162],"pressing":[108],"need":[109],"novel":[111,188],"approaches":[112],"advance":[114],"AI.":[116,212,277],"concept":[118],"(LCMs)":[120],"represent":[121],"nascent":[123],"promising":[125],"paradigm":[126,209,261],"AI,":[129,234],"designed":[130],"transcend":[132],"limitations":[134],"processing":[137],"by":[138,223,232],"utilizing":[139],"higher-order":[140],"conceptual":[141,214,274],"representations":[142],"multimodal":[144],"data":[145],"integration.":[146],"second":[148],"introduces":[153],"foundational":[155,199],"principles":[156],"theoretical":[158,189],"framework":[159,190],"LCMs,":[161,192],"potential":[164],"facilitate":[166],"enhanced":[167],"semantic":[168],"reasoning,":[169],"long-range":[170],"context":[171],"synthesis,":[172],"improved":[174],"decision-making.":[176],"Critically,":[177],"core":[179],"section":[182],"is":[183,293],"proposal":[185,231],"formalized":[193],"extended":[195],"from":[196],"our":[197],"group's":[198],"concept-based":[200],"-":[202],"world's":[204],"earliest":[205],"articulation":[206],"medical":[211],"This":[213],"shift":[215],"has":[216],"since":[217],"been":[218],"externally":[219],"validated":[220],"propelled":[222],"recent":[225],"publication":[226],"LCM":[229],"Meta":[233],"providing":[235],"large-scale":[237],"engineering":[238],"blueprint":[239,269],"future":[242,250,299],"development":[243],"technology.":[246],"also":[248],"outline":[249],"research":[251],"directions":[252],"implications":[256],"emerging":[259],"AI":[260,309],"radiologic":[263],"practice,":[264],"aiming":[265],"advancing":[271],"toward":[272],"human-like":[273],"understanding":[275],"While":[278],"challenges":[279],"persist,":[280],"we":[281],"at":[283],"very":[285],"beginning":[286],"new":[289],"era,":[290],"it":[292],"not":[294],"unreasonable":[295],"hope":[297],"that":[298],"advancements":[300],"will":[301],"overcome":[302],"these":[303],"hurdles,":[304],"pushing":[305],"boundaries":[307],"Radiology,":[311],"far":[312],"beyond":[313],"even":[314],"most":[316],"state-of-the-art":[317],"today.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}