{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417106972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70256","title":"A Lightweight TRNG Based on First\u2010Order\u2010Oscillator\u2010Obfuscated Cross\u2010Coupled Logic Gates","display_name":"A Lightweight TRNG Based on First\u2010Order\u2010Oscillator\u2010Obfuscated Cross\u2010Coupled Logic Gates","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417106972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cta.70256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92132303","display_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","issn_l":"0098-9886","issn":["0098-9886","1097-007X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jun Xie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046125484","display_name":"Liang Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4081-6499","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4081-6499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4081-6499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zishuo Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zishuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiani Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiani Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034687684","display_name":"Peiyang Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4545-409X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4545-409X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiyang Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028284665","display_name":"Yaohua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0861-1802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0861-1802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaohua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0861-1802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061930185","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-1215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-1215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits Anhui University  Hefei Anhui China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046125484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"],"apc_list":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2523485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"7","first_page":"3902","last_page":"3918"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/true-random-number-generator","display_name":"true random number generator","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iot-security","display_name":"Internet of Things security","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.8043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6261000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.5253999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28495749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155516","display_name":"XOR gate","level":3,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182322920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112217","display_name":"Programmable logic array","level":3,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206274596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063837","display_name":"Programmable logic device","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126445297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8065380","display_name":"NOR gate","level":4,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10418432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560370","display_name":"AND gate","level":3,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60448319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154021","display_name":"Block cipher mode of operation","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146569638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173378","display_name":"Logic level","level":3,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181142","display_name":"Built-in self-test","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198521697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7142438","display_name":"Pass transistor logic","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984822820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123036","display_name":"Processor scheduling","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/cta.70256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92132303","display_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","issn_l":"0098-9886","issn":["0098-9886","1097-007X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2853893995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61574052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8812608846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62027815","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335765","funder_display_name":"National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335765","display_name":"National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W2063397490","https://openalex.org/W2165700458","https://openalex.org/W2606166920","https://openalex.org/W2799244987","https://openalex.org/W2801615404","https://openalex.org/W2892254212","https://openalex.org/W3157574822","https://openalex.org/W3205389019","https://openalex.org/W4206238612","https://openalex.org/W4315648046","https://openalex.org/W4377825514","https://openalex.org/W4382540653","https://openalex.org/W4387415270","https://openalex.org/W4401179011","https://openalex.org/W4402557278","https://openalex.org/W4407000738","https://openalex.org/W4410615806","https://openalex.org/W4412660136","https://openalex.org/W4414458651"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"With":[1],"the":[2,6,11,35,50,59,64,68,71,113,145,151,156,161],"rapid":[3],"development":[4,108],"of":[5,8,13,70,79,120,133],"Internet":[7],"Things":[9],"(IoT),":[10],"design":[12],"field\u2010programmable":[14],"gate":[15,39,95],"array":[16],"(FPGA)\u2013based":[17],"lightweight":[18],"true":[19],"random":[20,99,147],"number":[21],"generators":[22],"(TRNGs)":[23],"has":[24],"garnered":[25],"increasing":[26],"attention.":[27],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"proposes":[30],"a":[31,45,98,117,130],"TRNG":[32,43,77,115],"based":[33],"on":[34,103],"first\u2010order\u2010oscillator\u2010obfuscated":[36],"cross\u2010coupled":[37,51],"logic":[38,52],"(OCCLG)":[40],"unit.":[41],"The":[42,75],"utilizes":[44],"first\u2010order":[46],"oscillator":[47,65],"to":[48,96],"configure":[49],"gates":[53],"within":[54],"each":[55],"OCCLG":[56,83],"unit,":[57],"while":[58],"fast":[60],"oscillation":[61],"generated":[62],"by":[63,89],"further":[66],"obfuscates":[67],"output":[69,146],"XOR\u2010gate":[72],"coupling":[73],"logic.":[74],"proposed":[76,114],"consists":[78],"six":[80,90],"circularly":[81],"cascaded":[82],"units,":[84],"whose":[85],"outputs":[86],"are":[87],"sampled":[88],"DFFs":[91],"through":[92],"an":[93],"XOR":[94],"generate":[97],"bit":[100],"sequence.":[101],"Implemented":[102],"Artix\u20107":[104],"and":[105,129,160,171],"Zynq\u20107000":[106],"FPGA":[107],"boards":[109],"using":[110],"automated":[111],"place\u2010and\u2010route,":[112],"delivers":[116],"remarkable":[118],"throughput":[119],"325":[121],"Mbps,":[122],"requiring":[123],"only":[124],"25":[125],"LUTs,":[126],"6":[127],"DFFs,":[128],"power":[131],"budget":[132],"23":[134],"mW,":[135],"which":[136],"indicates":[137],"superior":[138],"resource":[139],"efficiency.":[140],"Experimental":[141],"results":[142],"confirm":[143],"that":[144],"sequence":[148],"successfully":[149],"passes":[150],"NIST":[152,157],"SP800\u201022":[153],"test":[154],"suite,":[155],"SP800\u201090B":[158],"tests,":[159],"AIS\u201031":[162],"tests.":[163],"It":[164],"also":[165],"demonstrates":[166],"strong":[167],"robustness":[168],"against":[169],"voltage":[170],"temperature":[172],"variations,":[173],"as":[174,176],"well":[175],"frequency":[177],"injection":[178],"attacks.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}
