{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416695232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","title":"A latent class analysis to identify typologies of human trafficking victims: The control-intensity spectrum","display_name":"A latent class analysis to identify typologies of human trafficking victims: The control-intensity spectrum","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416695232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21830/19006586.1563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","pdf_url":"https://revistacientificaesmic.com/index.php/esmic/article/download/1563/1500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194922","display_name":"Revista Cient\u00edfica General Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova","issn_l":"1900-6586","issn":["1900-6586","2500-7645"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","latindex","norway-1","poland-20","publindex-a2","russia-white-list-3","scielo"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Revista Cient\u00edfica General Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://revistacientificaesmic.com/index.php/esmic/article/download/1563/1500","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025585794","display_name":"Carlos Iglesias Vergara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-0674","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-0674"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259498","display_name":"Rabdan Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02ap92826","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Alberto Iglesias-Vergara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rabdan Academy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-0674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rabdan Academy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025585794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"52","first_page":"859","last_page":"882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-trafficking","display_name":"human trafficking","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-typology","display_name":"victim typology","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-intensity","display_name":"control intensity","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-trafficking","display_name":"labor trafficking","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt-bondage","display_name":"debt bondage","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-exploitation","display_name":"sexual exploitation","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coercive-control","display_name":"coercive control","score":0.6729999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181784","display_name":"Human trafficking","level":2,"score":0.8226000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70727504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806878","display_name":"Latent class model","level":2,"score":0.6132000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21129531","display_name":"Sex trafficking","level":3,"score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21830/19006586.1563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","pdf_url":"https://revistacientificaesmic.com/index.php/esmic/article/download/1563/1500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194922","display_name":"Revista Cient\u00edfica General Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova","issn_l":"1900-6586","issn":["1900-6586","2500-7645"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","latindex","norway-1","poland-20","publindex-a2","russia-white-list-3","scielo"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Revista Cient\u00edfica General Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ad038890562e4e1bb7463f9a54ed7a3d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ad038890562e4e1bb7463f9a54ed7a3d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Revista Cient\u00edfica General Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova, Vol 23, Iss 52 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlyworks.ra.ac.ae:123456789/1292","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064534","display_name":"Rabdan Academy Digital Repository (Rabdan Academy)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105022844154","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21830/19006586.1563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1563","pdf_url":"https://revistacientificaesmic.com/index.php/esmic/article/download/1563/1500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194922","display_name":"Revista Cient\u00edfica General Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova","issn_l":"1900-6586","issn":["1900-6586","2500-7645"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","latindex","norway-1","poland-20","publindex-a2","russia-white-list-3","scielo"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Revista Cient\u00edfica General Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda C\u00f3rdova","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.4043000042438507,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324890","display_name":"Ministry of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/04wxm6g36"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416695232.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416695232.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033552763","https://openalex.org/W2045314222","https://openalex.org/W2083291021","https://openalex.org/W2147351428","https://openalex.org/W2171814052","https://openalex.org/W2206323560","https://openalex.org/W2261073489","https://openalex.org/W2463888233","https://openalex.org/W2584795957","https://openalex.org/W2941871291","https://openalex.org/W2947078459","https://openalex.org/W3068944083","https://openalex.org/W3108385441","https://openalex.org/W3209316398","https://openalex.org/W4205170421","https://openalex.org/W4205490938","https://openalex.org/W4212792737","https://openalex.org/W4366464280","https://openalex.org/W4385242200","https://openalex.org/W4385324495","https://openalex.org/W4389479813","https://openalex.org/W4390953063","https://openalex.org/W4391837590","https://openalex.org/W4399759806","https://openalex.org/W4407234243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407234243","https://openalex.org/W2002934713","https://openalex.org/W7157124471","https://openalex.org/W4366464280","https://openalex.org/W3160568754","https://openalex.org/W3108385441","https://openalex.org/W4313682125","https://openalex.org/W4323362329","https://openalex.org/W2941871291","https://openalex.org/W6997157622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"latent":[1],"class":[2,106],"analysis":[3,40],"on":[4],"23,884":[5],"trafficking":[6,50,60,69,110,120,137],"victims":[7,45],"from":[8,66],"the":[9,72,85],"Counter":[10],"Trafficking":[11],"Data":[12],"Collaborative":[13],"Global":[14],"Synthetic":[15],"Dataset":[16],"(representing":[17],"9.3%":[18],"of":[19,44,71,84],"257,969":[20],"total":[21],"cases":[22],"after":[23],"data":[24],"quality":[25],"filters),":[26],"this":[27],"study":[28],"identified":[29,136],"six":[30],"distinct":[31,132],"victim":[32,133],"typologies":[33],"characterized":[34],"by":[35],"varying":[36],"control":[37,91,123],"intensities.":[38],"The":[39],"revealed":[41],"that":[42,58],"50.3%":[43],"experienced":[46],"\u201clow":[47],"overt":[48],"control\"":[49],"with":[51,61,74,87],"minimal":[52],"coercive":[53],"methods,":[54],"challenging":[55],"dominant":[56],"paradigms":[57],"equate":[59],"extreme":[62],"coercion.":[63],"Classes":[64],"ranged":[65],"high-intensity":[67],"labor":[68],"(9.9%":[70],"sample,":[73,86],"94.8%":[75],"experiencing":[76,89],"debt":[77],"bondage)":[78],"to":[79,131],"low-control":[80],"sexual":[81],"exploitation":[82],"(29.2%":[83],"<5%":[88],"traditional":[90],"methods).":[92],"Significant":[93],"temporal":[94],"(Cramer's":[95],"V":[96],"=":[97,102],"0.213)":[98],"and":[99,126],"geographic":[100],"(V":[101],"0.342)":[103],"variation":[104],"in":[105],"distributions":[107],"suggests":[108],"context-dependent":[109],"patterns":[111],"rather":[112],"than":[113],"universal":[114],"typologies.":[115],"These":[116],"findings":[117],"support":[118],"reconceptualizing":[119],"along":[121],"a":[122],"intensity":[124],"spectrum":[125],"developing":[127],"differentiated":[128],"interventions":[129],"tailored":[130],"experiences":[134],"within":[135],"populations.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}
