{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416637427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333","title":"Currently used metrics overestimate the environmental effects of aerosol metered dose inhalers","display_name":"Currently used metrics overestimate the environmental effects of aerosol metered dose inhalers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416637427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207896","display_name":"European Respiratory Journal","issn_l":"0903-1936","issn":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317833","host_organization_name":"European Respiratory Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317833"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Respiratory Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Airway pharmacology and treatment","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063442529","display_name":"Gary James Connett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-3239","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-3239"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802965805","display_name":"University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0485axj58","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802965805"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary James Connett","raw_affiliation_strings":["1University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (Hampshire), United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (Hampshire), United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802965805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026227582","display_name":"Mary Slingo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-3144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-3144"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802965805","display_name":"University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0485axj58","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802965805"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Slingo","raw_affiliation_strings":["1University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (Hampshire), United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (Hampshire), United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802965805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072520427","display_name":"Ian P Sinha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-5523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-5523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Sinha","raw_affiliation_strings":["2University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120664430","display_name":"Julia Slingo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Slingo","raw_affiliation_strings":["3Retired, Sidmouth, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Retired, Sidmouth, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"PA333","last_page":"PA333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.35499998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.35499998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11651","display_name":"Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery","score":0.09839999675750732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.09000000357627869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metered-dose-inhaler","display_name":"MDI","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrofluoroalkanes","display_name":"hydrofluoroalkanes","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-134a","display_name":"R134a","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heptafluoropropane","display_name":"HFC-227ea","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-warming-potential","display_name":"global warming potential","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-forcing","display_name":"radiative forcing","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-lived-climate-pollutants","display_name":"short-lived climate pollutants","score":0.6309999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99578197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463606","display_name":"Radiative forcing","level":3,"score":0.8281000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76758496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191118","display_name":"Tonne","level":2,"score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.6218000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119288801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901028","display_name":"Global-warming potential","level":3,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6939412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon cycle","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105367107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901028","display_name":"Carbon dioxide equivalent","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137851953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41560","display_name":"Greenhouse effect","level":4,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2025.pa333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207896","display_name":"European Respiratory Journal","issn_l":"0903-1936","issn":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317833","host_organization_name":"European Respiratory Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317833"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Respiratory Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Airway pharmacology and treatment","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403381093","https://openalex.org/W4409462156","https://openalex.org/W4220670627","https://openalex.org/W7161558907","https://openalex.org/W4402307688","https://openalex.org/W7154619076","https://openalex.org/W2963056184","https://openalex.org/W4384818391","https://openalex.org/W4408552341","https://openalex.org/W4416636686"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"It":[1],"is":[2,74,119,138,195,238],"commonly":[3,36],"stated":[4],"that":[5,116],"metered":[6],"dose":[7],"inhalers":[8,132],"(MDIs)":[9],"contribute":[10,99],"3-4%":[11],"to":[12,38,121,133,179,243],"the":[13,40,44,57,63,129,134,153,183,208,229,233,239],"global":[14,30,79,245],"health":[15],"care":[16],"carbon":[17,160],"footprint.":[18],"We":[19],"compared":[20,151],"radiative":[21,136,154],"forcing,":[22],"a":[23,34,100,175],"metric":[24,35,176],"estimating":[25],"actual":[26],"temperature":[27],"effects,":[28],"with":[29,152,221],"warming":[31],"potential":[32],"(GWP),":[33],"used":[37],"convey":[39],"environmental":[41],"impact":[42,227],"of":[43,56,81,89,102,106,128,131,156,187,191,211,235],"hydrofluoroalkanes":[45],"(HFAs)":[46],"emitted":[47],"from":[48,159,216],"MDIs.":[49],"Methods":[50],"and":[51,61,104,109,143,164],"Results":[52],"HFC-134a":[53,108,142],"comprises":[54],"92%":[55],"aerosols":[58],"in":[59,189],"MDIs":[60,84,94,188,215],"HFC-227ea":[62,110],"other":[64],"8%.":[65],"Both":[66],"are":[67,165],"short":[68,180],"lived":[69,181],"gases":[70],"for":[71,141,146,168],"which":[72],"GWP":[73,205],"invalid.":[75],"The":[76],"estimated":[77,184],"annual":[78,107,112,123],"manufacture":[80],"800":[82],"million":[83],"uses":[85],"~":[86],"11.5":[87],"Gg":[88],"HFAs.":[90],"If":[91],"all":[92],"manufactured":[93],"were":[95],"used,":[96],"they":[97],"would":[98],"maximum":[101],"6%":[103],"15%":[105],"total":[111,135],"emissions":[113,163,194],"respectively.":[114],"Assuming":[115],"atmospheric":[117],"composition":[118],"proportional":[120],"fractional":[122],"emission":[124],"rates,":[125],"worst-case":[126],"estimate":[127],"contribution":[130,186],"forcing":[137,155],"~1.2":[139],"mWm-2":[140,145,158],"0.07":[144],"HFC-227ea.":[147],"These":[148],"can":[149],"be":[150],"2160":[157],"dioxide":[161],"(CO2)":[162],"thus":[166],"inconsequential":[167],"climate":[169,185,209,230],"change.":[170],"Using":[171],"Global":[172],"Temperature":[173],"Potential,":[174],"more":[177],"suited":[178],"gases,":[182],"terms":[190],"equivalent":[192],"CO2":[193],"70-80%":[196],"lower":[197],"than":[198],"current":[199],"estimates":[200],"based":[201],"on":[202,228],"GWP.":[203],"Conclusions":[204],"substantially":[206],"overestimates":[207],"effects":[210],"MDI":[212],"propellants.":[213],"Removing":[214],"medical":[217],"practice":[218],"or":[219],"reformulating":[220],"new":[222],"propellants":[223],"will":[224],"have":[225],"no":[226],"system.":[231],"Decreasing":[232],"burning":[234],"fossil":[236],"fuels":[237],"most":[240],"effective":[241],"strategy":[242],"address":[244],"warming.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}