{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416632973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","title":"Design and experimental validation of a compact inverted l-based quad-port MIMO antenna for 5G NR mm wave systems","display_name":"Design and experimental validation of a compact inverted l-based quad-port MIMO antenna for 5G NR mm wave systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416632973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41290810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-25836-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-25836-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102985652","display_name":"Aditya Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-8766","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-8766","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-0533"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Interdisciplinary Courses in Engineering, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interdisciplinary Courses in Engineering, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060310870","display_name":"Ajay Kumar Dwivedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-0902","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-0902"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajay Kumar Dwivedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, K. R. Puram, Bangalore, 560036, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, K. R. Puram, Bangalore, 560036, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087876975","display_name":"Vivek Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7569-0104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7569-0104"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, K. R. Puram, Bangalore, 560036, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, K. R. Puram, Bangalore, 560036, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ashish Pandey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science & Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. ashish.pandey@jaipur.manipal.edu","Department of Data Science & Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science & Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. ashish.pandey@jaipur.manipal.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science & Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":1.5707,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82824684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"41820","last_page":"41820"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/5g-nr","display_name":"5G NR","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter-wave-antenna","display_name":"millimeter-wave antennas","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-coupling-reduction","display_name":"mutual coupling reduction","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impedance-bandwidth","display_name":"impedance bandwidth","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope-correlation-coefficient","display_name":"envelope correlation coefficient","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"diversity gain","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-capacity-loss","display_name":"channel capacity loss","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-gain","display_name":"antenna gain","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6703000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.524399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65155139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380912","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","level":3,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.41260001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60069766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357054","display_name":"Antenna diversity","level":3,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196901423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933836","display_name":"Return loss","level":3,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26262908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307489","display_name":"Input impedance","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196931383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771253","display_name":"Antenna factor","level":4,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81183938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251537","display_name":"Antenna gain","level":5,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128765274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663314","display_name":"Hexagonal crystal system","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158616128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771260","display_name":"Antenna measurement","level":3,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198746922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230593","display_name":"Diversity scheme","level":4,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-25836-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41290810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41290810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8d74df7fe1946489a471bf873e07e66","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8d74df7fe1946489a471bf873e07e66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25836-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-25836-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416632973.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416632973.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043431067","https://openalex.org/W2361470832","https://openalex.org/W2754309112","https://openalex.org/W2803623205","https://openalex.org/W2805890528","https://openalex.org/W2914748614","https://openalex.org/W2944835099","https://openalex.org/W2958465164","https://openalex.org/W2998094502","https://openalex.org/W3042161354","https://openalex.org/W3043779764","https://openalex.org/W3091189927","https://openalex.org/W3109093115","https://openalex.org/W3123399477","https://openalex.org/W3126278747","https://openalex.org/W3145373003","https://openalex.org/W4205156413","https://openalex.org/W4206404565","https://openalex.org/W4224313591","https://openalex.org/W4226314910","https://openalex.org/W4280538626","https://openalex.org/W4285049707","https://openalex.org/W4290653291","https://openalex.org/W4293085075","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4381737761","https://openalex.org/W4382998926","https://openalex.org/W4385665852","https://openalex.org/W4387667533","https://openalex.org/W4387740025","https://openalex.org/W4394926870","https://openalex.org/W4396668386","https://openalex.org/W4396982406","https://openalex.org/W4399664528","https://openalex.org/W4399717572","https://openalex.org/W4399938932","https://openalex.org/W4400720652","https://openalex.org/W4408361676","https://openalex.org/W4408628598","https://openalex.org/W4409128980","https://openalex.org/W4409249387","https://openalex.org/W4409709045","https://openalex.org/W4414332747"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{")":[0],"quad-port":[1],"MIMO":[2,57,153],"antenna":[3,16,58],"for":[4,11,62,103],"5G":[5],"NR":[6],"n257,":[7,109],"n258,":[8,110],"&":[9,111],"n261":[10,112],"mm-wave":[12],"usage.":[13],"The":[14,36,52,67,155],"recommended":[15,72],"designed":[17],"at":[18,33,121],"29":[19,91],"GHz":[20,81,87],"chose":[21],"an":[22,42,114],"optimal":[23],"design":[24,45,73],"(Stage":[25],"3)":[26],"after":[27],"a":[28,122],"careful":[29],"examination":[30],"of":[31,41,55,70,78,98,118,150],"performance":[32,148],"numerous":[34],"stages.":[35],"single":[37],"radiating":[38],"plane":[39],"consists":[40],"inverted":[43],"L-shaped":[44],"with":[46,94],"identical":[47],"hexagonal":[48],"slotted":[49],"loaded":[50],"DGS.":[51],"quad":[53],"components":[54],"the":[56,71,129,147,151,175],"are":[59,143],"set":[60],"orthogonally":[61],"best":[63],"inter-element":[64],"mutual":[65,96],"coupling.":[66],"key":[68],"feature":[69],"is":[74],"(a)":[75],"impedance":[76],"bandwidth":[77],"25":[79,84,100],"-29.5":[80],"(Simulated)":[82],"and":[83,138,145,165],"to":[85,90,169,174],"27.5":[86],"or":[88],"28":[89],"(measured),":[92],"along":[93],"outstanding":[95],"coupling":[97],">":[99],"dB":[101,120],"suitable":[102],"new":[104],"radio":[105],"frequency":[106],"(RF)":[107],"bands":[108],"(b)":[113],"impressive":[115],"peak":[116],"gain":[117,135],"9.5":[119],"full":[123],"band.":[124],"Diversity":[125],"parameters,":[126],"such":[127],"as":[128],"envelope":[130],"correlation":[131],"coefficient":[132],"(ECC),":[133],"diversity":[134],"(DG),":[136],"TARC":[137],"channel":[139],"capacity":[140],"loss":[141],"(CCL)":[142],"analyzed":[144],"calculated":[146],"characteristics":[149],"proposed":[152],"antenna.":[154],"suggested":[156],"antenna's":[157],"findings":[158],"have":[159,166],"been":[160,167],"confirmed":[161],"by":[162],"experimental":[163],"data":[164],"shown":[168],"be":[170],"in":[171],"close":[172],"proximity":[173],"simulated":[176],"results.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}