{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416630179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches for patient safety in complex surgery: a review","display_name":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches for patient safety in complex surgery: a review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416630179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41291876","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12648791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138701282","display_name":"Patient Safety in Surgery","issn_l":"1754-9493","issn":["1754-9493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patient Safety in Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4416630179"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103164997","display_name":"Mohamed Mustaf Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5991-4052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5991-4052"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127735","display_name":"SIMAD University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dynh639","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127735"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Mustaf Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia. momustafahmed@simad.edu.so","Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5991-4052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia. momustafahmed@simad.edu.so","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010102161","display_name":"Zhinya Kawa Othman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3914-0867","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3914-0867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152906","display_name":"Kurdistan Technical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzcvm19","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152906"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhinya Kawa Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3914-0867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117440925","display_name":"Uthman Okikiola Adebayo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2000-7451","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2000-7451"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uthman Okikiola Adebayo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2000-7451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098979775","display_name":"Omar Kasimieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-2192","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-2192"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109993","display_name":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxjzf54","country_code":"PH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Kasimieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-2192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035540698","display_name":"Olalekan John Okesanya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4271"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olalekan John Okesanya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria","Department of Public Health and Maritime Transport, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health and Maritime Transport, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047025560","display_name":"Shuaibu Saidu Musa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0138-3261","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0138-3261"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158708052","display_name":"Chulalongkorn University","ror":"https://ror.org/028wp3y58","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaibu Saidu Musa","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0138-3261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066714548","display_name":"Francesco Branda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-3877","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-3877"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Branda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Campus Bio- Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-3877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Campus Bio- Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098979776","display_name":"Victor C. Ca\u00f1ezo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2643-734X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2643-734X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254907","display_name":"Biliran Province State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cmwmx57","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254907"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor C. Ca\u00f1ezo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of the University President, Biliran Province State University, Naval, Leyte, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2643-734X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of the University President, Biliran Province State University, Naval, Leyte, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120476883","display_name":"Edgar G. Cue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5728-722X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5728-722X","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2485-1960"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405282074","display_name":"Mountain Province State University","ror":"https://ror.org/059hw1r60","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405282074"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgar G. Cue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of the University President, Mountain Province State University, Bontoc, Mountain Province, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5728-722X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of the University President, Mountain Province State University, Bontoc, Mountain Province, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405282074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089169927","display_name":"Don Eliseo Lucero\u2010Prisno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-6365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-6365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135881978","display_name":"Bukidnon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04knmnr48","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135881978"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802234726","display_name":"Palompon Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05jzcs626","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802234726"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB","PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don Eliseo Lucero Prisno\u00a0III","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","Office for Research, Extension and Innovations, Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines","Research Office, Palompon Institute of Technology, Palompon, Leyte, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-6365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office for Research, Extension and Innovations, Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135881978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Office, Palompon Institute of Technology, Palompon, Leyte, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802234726"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103164997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127735"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":0.6118,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60328522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"33","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-safety","display_name":"patient safety","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-surgery","display_name":"complex surgery","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-decision-support","display_name":"surgical decision support","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preoperative-risk-stratification","display_name":"preoperative risk stratification","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intraoperative-hypotension","display_name":"intraoperative hypotension","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"computer vision","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrument-tracking","display_name":"instrument tracking","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postoperative-complications","display_name":"postoperative complications","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outpatient-surgery","display_name":"outpatient surgery","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-readiness","display_name":"career readiness","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-bias","display_name":"algorithmic bias","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-drift","display_name":"model drift","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-and-middle-income-countries","display_name":"low- and middle-income countries","score":0.7509999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.819100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.7225000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6722999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.44859999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34585555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368723","display_name":"Learning curve","level":2,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35785553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756720","display_name":"Ambulatory","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202789569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107646338","display_name":"Aging in the American workforce","level":3,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138701282","display_name":"Patient Safety in Surgery","issn_l":"1754-9493","issn":["1754-9493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patient Safety in Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41291876","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41291876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patient safety in surgery","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12648791","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12648791/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patient Saf Surg","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:4681620","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4681620/","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4681620/1/Ahmed-etal-2025-Artificial-intelligence-and-machine.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62a7255074ed4804b7591634ccc6cd90","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62a7255074ed4804b7591634ccc6cd90","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Patient Safety in Surgery, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13037-025-00458-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138701282","display_name":"Patient Safety in Surgery","issn_l":"1754-9493","issn":["1754-9493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Patient Safety in Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416630179.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416630179.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119472226","https://openalex.org/W2171632892","https://openalex.org/W2346178339","https://openalex.org/W2790209545","https://openalex.org/W2888528836","https://openalex.org/W2945217120","https://openalex.org/W2980769368","https://openalex.org/W2995850824","https://openalex.org/W2998401461","https://openalex.org/W3005745869","https://openalex.org/W3006079219","https://openalex.org/W3044626901","https://openalex.org/W3045648360","https://openalex.org/W3101712992","https://openalex.org/W3112605120","https://openalex.org/W3133637958","https://openalex.org/W3150419368","https://openalex.org/W3211048356","https://openalex.org/W4200055193","https://openalex.org/W4205533719","https://openalex.org/W4226253886","https://openalex.org/W4283022454","https://openalex.org/W4309912799","https://openalex.org/W4317666394","https://openalex.org/W4366214695","https://openalex.org/W4367833787","https://openalex.org/W4383481917","https://openalex.org/W4384920717","https://openalex.org/W4389630236","https://openalex.org/W4391562457","https://openalex.org/W4393149427","https://openalex.org/W4399858372","https://openalex.org/W4400866067","https://openalex.org/W4401333912","https://openalex.org/W4404637040","https://openalex.org/W4405639991","https://openalex.org/W4406369995","https://openalex.org/W4407862667","https://openalex.org/W4408857164","https://openalex.org/W4409555745","https://openalex.org/W4409577874","https://openalex.org/W4410907253","https://openalex.org/W4412773354","https://openalex.org/W4414779999","https://openalex.org/W4415565828","https://openalex.org/W4415568418","https://openalex.org/W4415571173","https://openalex.org/W4415588745"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7106299241","https://openalex.org/W4280505635","https://openalex.org/W3136593780","https://openalex.org/W4415684742","https://openalex.org/W4388461363","https://openalex.org/W7123346495","https://openalex.org/W4405754496","https://openalex.org/W7077882017","https://openalex.org/W3112280554","https://openalex.org/W4416746621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"and":[3,31,49,55,68,80,98,113,122,132,143,154,166,182,189,199,203,210,221],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"(ML)":[6],"are":[7],"increasingly":[8],"being":[9],"used":[10],"in":[11,52,94,109],"surgical":[12,140],"care;":[13],"however,":[14],"their":[15],"real-world":[16],"impact":[17],"on":[18,160],"patient":[19,58],"safety":[20,59],"is":[21,172],"not":[22],"well":[23],"established.":[24],"This":[25],"narrative":[26],"review":[27],"searched":[28],"PubMed,":[29],"Scopus,":[30],"Google":[32],"Scholar":[33],"for":[34],"English-language":[35],"studies":[36,63,73,159],"published":[37,65],"from":[38,149],"January":[39],"1,":[40],"2015,":[41],"to":[42,213],"April":[43],"30,":[44],"2025,":[45],"that":[46],"evaluated":[47],"AI":[48],"ML":[50,87],"applications":[51],"complex":[53],"surgery":[54],"reported":[56],"quantitative":[57],"outcomes.":[60],"Eligible":[61],"included":[62],"were":[64,74],"between":[66],"2016":[67],"2025.":[69],"In":[70],"total,":[71],"21":[72],"synthesized":[75],"across":[76,185],"the":[77,84,118],"preoperative,":[78],"intraoperative,":[79],"postoperative":[81],"phases":[82],"of":[83],"study.":[85],"Preoperatively,":[86],"models":[88],"consistently":[89],"outperformed":[90],"traditional":[91],"risk":[92],"scores":[93],"identifying":[95],"high-risk":[96],"patients":[97],"anticipating":[99],"technical":[100],"difficulties.":[101],"Intraoperatively,":[102],"AI-enabled":[103],"decision":[104],"support":[105],"reduced":[106],"hypotension":[107],"exposure":[108],"a":[110],"randomized":[111],"trial,":[112],"computer":[114],"vision":[115],"systems":[116],"supported":[117],"safety-critical":[119],"step":[120],"verification":[121],"instrument":[123],"tracking.":[124],"Postoperatively,":[125],"multimodal":[126],"approaches":[127],"combining":[128],"electronic":[129],"records,":[130],"imaging,":[131],"smartphone":[133],"wound":[134],"photographs":[135],"predicted":[136],"complications,":[137,219],"such":[138],"as":[139],"site":[141],"infection,":[142],"facilitated":[144],"discharge":[145],"planning.":[146],"Emerging":[147],"evidence":[148,171],"ambulatory":[150],"surgery,":[151],"imaging-guided":[152],"triage,":[153],"specialty":[155],"domains,":[156],"alongside":[157],"qualitative":[158],"workforce":[161],"readiness,":[162],"highlights":[163],"implementation":[164,212],"opportunities":[165],"human":[167],"factor":[168],"requirements.":[169],"Most":[170],"retrospective,":[173],"single-center,":[174],"or":[175],"prototype":[176],"stage":[177],"with":[178],"limited":[179],"external":[180],"validation":[181],"uncertain":[183],"generalizability":[184],"settings,":[186],"including":[187],"low-":[188],"middle-income":[190],"countries.":[191],"Priorities":[192],"include":[193],"multicenter":[194],"prospective":[195],"trials,":[196],"standardized":[197],"outcomes":[198],"reporting,":[200],"continuous":[201],"bias":[202],"model":[204],"drift":[205],"monitoring,":[206],"robust":[207],"data":[208],"infrastructure,":[209],"equity-focused":[211],"translate":[214],"algorithmic":[215],"performance":[216],"into":[217],"fewer":[218],"deaths,":[220],"costs.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}
