{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416618124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14","title":"THE RIGHT TO DEFENSE AND EQUALITY OF ARMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS","display_name":"THE RIGHT TO DEFENSE AND EQUALITY OF ARMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416618124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.35219/across.2025.5.14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14","pdf_url":"https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/across/article/download/9305/7984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407012261","display_name":"ACROSS Journal of Interdisciplinary Cross-border Studies","issn_l":"2602-1463","issn":["2602-1463","3008-5918"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314623","host_organization_name":"University of Gala\u021bi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314623"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Gala\u021bi"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACROSS Journal of Interdisciplinary Cross-border Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/across/article/download/9305/7984","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120425623","display_name":"Ivan BURLACU","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142420","display_name":"\u015etefan cel Mare Police Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/036kvxa54","country_code":"MD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142420"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan BURLACU","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD candidate, \"\u0218tefan cel Mare\" Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Prosecutor at the Main Office  of the Chisinau Municipal Prosecutor\u2019s Office"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD candidate, \"\u0218tefan cel Mare\" Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Prosecutor at the Main Office  of the Chisinau Municipal Prosecutor\u2019s Office","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142420"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075590261","display_name":"Constantin RUSNAC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-7711","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-7711"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142420","display_name":"\u015etefan cel Mare Police Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/036kvxa54","country_code":"MD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142420"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantin RUSNAC","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD, associate professor, \u201cCriminal procedure, Forensics and Information Security\u201d department of the \u015etefan  cel Mare Academy of MIA of the Republic of Moldova, Chi\u0219in\u0103u"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, associate professor, \u201cCriminal procedure, Forensics and Information Security\u201d department of the \u015etefan  cel Mare Academy of MIA of the Republic of Moldova, Chi\u0219in\u0103u","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142420"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142420"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30304242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"145","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.6333000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.6333000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.16019999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.08470000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-defense","display_name":"right to defense","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equality-of-arms","display_name":"equality of arms","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-procedure","display_name":"criminal procedure","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-a-fair-trial","display_name":"right to a fair trial","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-law","display_name":"rule of law","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-counsel","display_name":"defense counsel","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lawyer-client-confidentiality","display_name":"lawyer-client confidentiality","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-safeguards","display_name":"procedural guarantees","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-criminal-procedure","display_name":"comparative criminal procedure","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence-of-lawyers","display_name":"independence of lawyers","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/romania","display_name":"Romania","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ukraine","display_name":"Ukraine","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/russia","display_name":"Russia","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulgaria","display_name":"Bulgaria","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/france","display_name":"France","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germany","display_name":"Germany","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6360999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780300103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2068570","display_name":"Constitutional right","level":3,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777803007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757432","display_name":"Right to a fair trial","level":3,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95691615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237872","display_name":"Fundamental rights","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.35219/across.2025.5.14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14","pdf_url":"https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/across/article/download/9305/7984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407012261","display_name":"ACROSS Journal of Interdisciplinary Cross-border Studies","issn_l":"2602-1463","issn":["2602-1463","3008-5918"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314623","host_organization_name":"University of Gala\u021bi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314623"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Gala\u021bi"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACROSS Journal of Interdisciplinary Cross-border Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf01f11283d04b738ac1573fcdd94885","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf01f11283d04b738ac1573fcdd94885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACROSS, Vol 9, Iss 5 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.35219/across.2025.5.14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35219/across.2025.5.14","pdf_url":"https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/across/article/download/9305/7984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407012261","display_name":"ACROSS Journal of Interdisciplinary Cross-border Studies","issn_l":"2602-1463","issn":["2602-1463","3008-5918"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314623","host_organization_name":"University of Gala\u021bi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314623"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Gala\u021bi"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACROSS Journal of Interdisciplinary Cross-border Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416618124.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416618124.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387942341","https://openalex.org/W2120923175","https://openalex.org/W7220316424","https://openalex.org/W2268107462","https://openalex.org/W3195945624","https://openalex.org/W7217988843","https://openalex.org/W7130908487","https://openalex.org/W194757577","https://openalex.org/W7134497853","https://openalex.org/W3005440472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,168],"presents":[2],"a":[3,23,47,51,61,100],"comprehensive":[4],"scientific":[5],"analysis":[6],"of":[7,15,17,46,56,64,75,93,95,102,137,146,161,179,189,201,208],"the":[8,13,26,35,44,54,73,78,91,103,115,135,144,147,156,159,177,180,187,198,202],"right":[9,36,67,104,203],"to":[10,37,105,114,204],"defense":[11,38,138,157,181,205],"and":[12,29,50,70,83,89,122,185,206,213],"principle":[14,92],"equality":[16,94,207],"arms":[18,96,209],"in":[19,72,87,134,158,182],"criminal":[20],"proceedings,":[21],"with":[22,117],"focus":[24],"on":[25,155],"national,":[27],"European,":[28],"international":[30],"frameworks.":[31],"It":[32],"emphasizes":[33],"that":[34,108,195],"constitutes":[39],"an":[40],"essential":[41],"constitutional":[42],"guarantee,":[43],"foundation":[45],"fair":[48,212],"trial,":[49],"prerequisite":[52],"for":[53,120],"rule":[55],"law.":[57],"The":[58,191],"author":[59],"undertakes":[60],"comparative":[62],"study":[63],"how":[65],"this":[66],"is":[68,97,194],"enshrined":[69],"implemented":[71],"legislation":[74],"Romania,":[76],"Ukraine,":[77],"Russian":[79],"Federation,":[80],"Bulgaria,":[81],"France,":[82],"Germany,":[84],"highlighting":[85],"differences":[86],"approaches":[88],"regulations.Furthermore,":[90],"examined":[98],"as":[99,131,150,152],"derivative":[101],"defense,":[106],"underscoring":[107],"it":[109],"requires":[110],"providing":[111],"both":[112],"parties":[113],"proceedings":[116],"equal":[118],"conditions":[119],"presenting":[121],"supporting":[123],"their":[124],"case.":[125],"Current":[126],"challenges":[127],"are":[128],"identified,":[129],"such":[130],"state":[132],"interference":[133],"activity":[136],"counsel,":[139],"abuses":[140],"by":[141],"authorities":[142],"regarding":[143],"confidentiality":[145],"lawyer-client":[148],"relationship,":[149],"well":[151],"effective":[153,199],"limitations":[154],"context":[160],"restrictive":[162],"regulations":[163],"or":[164],"distorted":[165],"public":[166],"perceptions.The":[167],"proposes":[169],"concrete":[170],"measures,":[171],"including":[172],"strengthening":[173],"procedural":[174],"guarantees,":[175],"expanding":[176],"role":[178],"evidence":[183],"administration,":[184],"reinforcing":[186],"independence":[188],"lawyers.":[190],"overall":[192],"conclusion":[193],"only":[196],"through":[197],"respect":[200],"can":[210],"genuinely":[211],"efficient":[214],"justice":[215],"be":[216],"achieved.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2025-10-29T00:00:00"}