{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416612396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427","title":"Well\u2013to\u2013wheel analysis of energy efficiency & CO2 emissions for hybrids & EVs in India: Current trends & forecasting for 2030","display_name":"Well\u2013to\u2013wheel analysis of energy efficiency & CO2 emissions for hybrids & EVs in India: Current trends & forecasting for 2030","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416612396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2497375143","display_name":"Energy","issn_l":"0360-5442","issn":["0360-5442","1873-6785"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3086492/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092243981","display_name":"Yash Nandola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5479-3009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5479-3009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yash Nandola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5479-3009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092243982","display_name":"Uttam Krishna","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uttam Krishna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035997486","display_name":"Santanu Pramanik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3261-515X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3261-515X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santanu Pramanik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001054761","display_name":"M. Himabindu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9773-2155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9773-2155"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Himabindu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014505361","display_name":"R.V. Ravikrishna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-1829","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-1829"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.V. Ravikrishna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092243981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"apc_list":{"value":4260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4260},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70778288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"343","issue":null,"first_page":"139427","last_page":"139427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.4634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.4634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.4291999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.10050000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-to-wheel-analysis","display_name":"well-to-wheel analysis","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-electric-vehicles","display_name":"hybrid electric vehicles","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicles","display_name":"plug-in hybrid electric vehicles","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-electric-vehicles","display_name":"battery electric vehicles","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles","display_name":"hydrogen fuel cell vehicles","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series-hybrid-electric-vehicle","display_name":"series hybrid electric vehicle","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressed-natural-gas-vehicles","display_name":"compressed natural gas vehicles","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-generation-scenarios","display_name":"electricity generation scenarios","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-dependence","display_name":"coal dependence","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-and-distribution-losses","display_name":"transmission and distribution losses","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-production","display_name":"hydrogen production","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolysis","display_name":"electrolysis","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.6157000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31954730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720050","display_name":"Compressed natural gas","level":2,"score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5676000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.42739999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113655042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387420","display_name":"Green vehicle","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19065316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551748","display_name":"Hydrogen vehicle","level":4,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103697071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558","display_name":"Gasoline","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59427239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40858","display_name":"Natural gas","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169042556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246150","display_name":"Driving cycle","level":4,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52208190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313121","display_name":"Renewable fuels","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2497375143","display_name":"Energy","issn_l":"0360-5442","issn":["0360-5442","1873-6785"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3086492/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3086492/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3086492/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3086492/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3086492/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3086492/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3086492/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3086492/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329676","display_name":"Oil and Natural Gas Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01j8exy17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331261","display_name":"Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India","ror":"https://ror.org/00bfm8s22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416612396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416612396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74053314","https://openalex.org/W233164513","https://openalex.org/W754848558","https://openalex.org/W1527394396","https://openalex.org/W2042316654","https://openalex.org/W2209056301","https://openalex.org/W2345018990","https://openalex.org/W2468696781","https://openalex.org/W2481543098","https://openalex.org/W2606722782","https://openalex.org/W2769923455","https://openalex.org/W2801930296","https://openalex.org/W2888425847","https://openalex.org/W2890088284","https://openalex.org/W2890950549","https://openalex.org/W2938807295","https://openalex.org/W2990095460","https://openalex.org/W3206021408","https://openalex.org/W4223631876","https://openalex.org/W4244727775","https://openalex.org/W4285705688","https://openalex.org/W4397004368","https://openalex.org/W4398135758","https://openalex.org/W4402424150","https://openalex.org/W4405987451","https://openalex.org/W4407304269","https://openalex.org/W6884652743"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409032768","https://openalex.org/W4401154683","https://openalex.org/W2209056301","https://openalex.org/W4244727775","https://openalex.org/W7223069358","https://openalex.org/W4323312069","https://openalex.org/W4281780487","https://openalex.org/W4240519543","https://openalex.org/W2995995662","https://openalex.org/W2546550722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"comprehensive":[2],"Well-to-Wheel":[3],"(WTW)":[4],"analysis":[5,31,70],"was":[6,71,99,194,320,340,366],"performed":[7],"to":[8,84,107],"evaluate":[9],"WTW":[10,30,69,211,219,253,258,291,300,318,324,357,361],"energy":[11],"use,":[12],"efficiency":[13,120,151,170,190,254,319,358],"&":[14],"CO2":[15,124,156,174,199,220,259,303,325,362],"emissions":[16,125,175,260,304,326,363],"for":[17,21,73,80,90,132,135,261,308,330],"12":[18],"vehicle/fuel":[19],"configurations":[20],"a":[22,62,74,91],"passenger":[23],"sedan":[24],"in":[25,105,147,154,225,237,251,257,290],"the":[26,81,127,133,148,177,187,202,223,252,268,306,309,314,321,328,331,347,355],"Indian":[27],"context.":[28],"The":[29,68,113,141],"covered":[32],"gasoline,":[33,162],"diesel,":[34,163],"and":[35,45,56,88,121,152,165,171,179,193,213,235,239,255,264,283,302,323,359],"compressed":[36],"natural":[37,111],"gas":[38],"(CNG)":[39],"powered":[40],"conventional":[41,178],"vehicles,":[42],"series":[43,47,54,180,215,334],"hybrids,":[44],"plug-in":[46,58,262,281,295,311,352],"hybrids.":[48],"In":[49],"addition,":[50],"hydrogen":[51,94,98,166,315,339,365],"fuel":[52,332],"cell-powered":[53],"hybrid":[55,159,181,208,216,296,335,353],"its":[57],"version,":[59],"along":[60],"with":[61,196,293],"battery-electric":[63,265],"vehicle,":[64],"were":[65,327],"also":[66],"studied.":[67],"repeated":[72],"couple":[75,92],"of":[76,93,103,143,161,191,228,233,274,370],"electricity":[77,114,138,204,275,345,373],"generation":[78,139,205,316],"scenarios":[79],"year":[82,269],"2030":[83],"forecast":[85],"future":[86],"trends":[87],"finally":[89],"production":[95],"scenarios,":[96,317],"where":[97],"produced":[100,109,341,367],"via":[101,342,368],"electrolysis":[102,343,369],"water":[104,371],"addition":[106],"being":[108,130,305],"from":[110,278,346,375],"gas.":[112],"pathway":[115],"showed":[116,145,167,186,209,217,287,354],"minimum":[117],"Well-to-Tank":[118],"(WTT)":[119],"maximum":[122,188,210,299],"WTT":[123],"among":[126],"five":[128],"fuels":[129],"considered":[131],"study":[134],"all":[136],"three":[137],"scenarios.":[140],"hybridization":[142],"vehicles":[144,286],"improvement":[146,289],"Tank-to-Wheel":[149],"(TTW)":[150],"reduction":[153,236],"TTW":[155,169,173,189,198],"emissions.":[157,200,221],"Plug-in":[158],"configuration":[160,185],"CNG,":[164],"higher":[168],"lower":[172],"than":[176],"configurations.":[182],"Battery":[183],"electric":[184,285,336],"68.2%":[192],"associated":[195],"zero":[197,360],"For":[201,267,313],"current":[203,348],"scenario,":[206],"diesel":[207,294],"efficiency,":[212,292,301],"CNG":[214,310],"lowest":[218,307],"With":[222],"decrease":[224,256],"%":[226,231],"share":[227,232],"coal,":[229],"increased":[230],"renewables":[234],"transmission":[238],"distribution":[240],"losses,":[241],"it":[242],"is":[243,276],"expected":[244],"that":[245,272],"there":[246],"would":[247],"be":[248],"an":[249],"increase":[250],"hybrids":[263,282],"vehicles.":[266],"2030,":[270],"assuming":[271],"44%":[273],"generated":[277,374],"renewable":[279,377],"sources,":[280],"battery":[284],"substantial":[288],"still":[297],"showing":[298],"hybrid.":[312],"lowest,":[322],"highest":[329,356],"cell":[333],"vehicle":[337],"when":[338,364],"using":[344,372],"grid":[349],"mix.":[350],"Hydrogen":[351],"100%":[376],"sources.":[378]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}