{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416595992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759","title":"Towards Trustworthy Sign Language Translation System: A Privacy-Preserving Edge\u2013Cloud\u2013Blockchain Approach","display_name":"Towards Trustworthy Sign Language Translation System: A Privacy-Preserving Edge\u2013Cloud\u2013Blockchain Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416595992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math13233759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/23/3759/pdf?version=1763890619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/23/3759/pdf?version=1763890619","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089295397","display_name":"Nada Shahin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-8586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-8586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nada Shahin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emirates Center for Mobility Research , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab , Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering , College of Information Technology , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-8586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emirates Center for Mobility Research , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab , Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering , College of Information Technology , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000395681","display_name":"Leila Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leila Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emirates Center for Mobility Research , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab , Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering , College of Information Technology , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emirates Center for Mobility Research , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab , Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering , College of Information Technology , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Distributed Computing and Systems (INDUCE) Lab, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000395681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.8454,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79506826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"23","first_page":"3759","last_page":"3759"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.031300000846385956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language-machine-translation","display_name":"sign language machine translation","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-preserving-computation","display_name":"privacy-preserving computation","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder-decoder-transformer","display_name":"transformer encoder-decoder","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deaf-and-hard-of-hearing-communication","display_name":"deaf and hard-of-hearing communication","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation-accuracy","display_name":"translation accuracy","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-efficiency","display_name":"training efficiency","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7749000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.7228999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6974999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986862884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553","display_name":"Language translation","level":3,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776362682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568494","display_name":"Single sign-on","level":3,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72280650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210439","display_name":"Language interpretation","level":3,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1813318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465887","display_name":"Language industry","level":4,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/math13233759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/23/3759/pdf?version=1763890619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202510.0130.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202510.0130.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202510.0130.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/143a1edbb82a58393555408aa6f6624e/download_pub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:597003dff57141d5a4be40ab02006e7d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/597003dff57141d5a4be40ab02006e7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics, Vol 13, Iss 23, p 3759 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math13233759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233759","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/23/3759/pdf?version=1763890619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416595992.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416595992.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147005573","https://openalex.org/W2036378739","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2107881300","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2606974598","https://openalex.org/W2741990582","https://openalex.org/W2788495578","https://openalex.org/W2799020610","https://openalex.org/W2885185669","https://openalex.org/W2892220826","https://openalex.org/W2900996896","https://openalex.org/W2910261334","https://openalex.org/W2923615625","https://openalex.org/W2962185403","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2970755484","https://openalex.org/W2980440927","https://openalex.org/W3005215764","https://openalex.org/W3011286868","https://openalex.org/W3015700375","https://openalex.org/W3023080778","https://openalex.org/W3045566687","https://openalex.org/W3114848016","https://openalex.org/W3124332110","https://openalex.org/W3130849573","https://openalex.org/W3165071982","https://openalex.org/W3194918904","https://openalex.org/W3213578990","https://openalex.org/W3215459696","https://openalex.org/W4281920295","https://openalex.org/W4361003269","https://openalex.org/W4385336478","https://openalex.org/W4386571092","https://openalex.org/W4387969206","https://openalex.org/W4392251920","https://openalex.org/W4396817472","https://openalex.org/W4396877929","https://openalex.org/W4399893940","https://openalex.org/W4402017565","https://openalex.org/W4402099331","https://openalex.org/W4402833996","https://openalex.org/W4403891749","https://openalex.org/W4407127863","https://openalex.org/W4408709513","https://openalex.org/W4409581208","https://openalex.org/W4409814607","https://openalex.org/W4411232712","https://openalex.org/W4413376345"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"Deaf":[2],"and":[3,22,58,77,93,110,134,145,160,164],"Hard-of-Hearing":[4],"community":[5],"faces":[6],"communication":[7,167],"challenges":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10],"a":[11,46,70,94],"global":[12],"shortage":[13],"of":[14,37,120],"certified":[15],"sign":[16,24,39,105],"language":[17,25,40,106],"interpreters.":[18],"Therefore,":[19],"developing":[20],"efficient":[21],"secure":[23],"machine":[26],"translation":[27,41,56,121],"(SLMT)":[28],"systems":[29],"is":[30,45],"essential.":[31],"Current":[32],"work":[33],"addresses":[34,65],"the":[35,38,84,88,102],"accuracy":[36],"task.":[42],"However,":[43],"there":[44],"need":[47],"for":[48],"an":[49],"SLMT":[50],"system":[51,85,166],"that":[52,126],"encompasses":[53],"privacy,":[54],"efficiency,":[55],"accuracy,":[57],"Machine":[59],"Learning":[60],"development":[61],"operations.":[62],"This":[63],"paper":[64],"this":[66],"void":[67],"by":[68,86,130,136,158,169],"proposing":[69],"novel":[71],"consent-aware":[72],"privacy-preserving":[73],"end-to-end":[74,165],"edge,":[75],"cloud,":[76],"blockchain":[78],"integrated":[79],"computing":[80],"system.":[81],"We":[82],"evaluate":[83],"comparing":[87],"mostly":[89],"used":[90],"Encoder\u2013Decoder":[91],"Transformer":[92,97],"lightweight":[95],"Adaptive":[96],"(ADAT),":[98],"using":[99],"two":[100],"datasets:":[101],"most":[103],"comprehensive":[104],"dataset":[107],"RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather-2014T":[108],"(PHOENIX14T),":[109],"MedASL,":[111,139,153],"our":[112],"newly":[113],"developed":[114],"medical-domain":[115],"dataset.":[116],"A":[117],"comparative":[118],"analysis":[119],"quality":[122],"on":[123,152],"PHOENIX14T":[124],"shows":[125],"ADAT":[127,140,154],"improves":[128],"BLEU-4":[129,144],"0.02":[131,146],"absolute":[132],"points":[133],"ROUGE-L":[135],"0.11.":[137],"On":[138],"gains":[141],"0.01":[142],"in":[143,147],"ROUGE-L.":[148],"For":[149],"runtime":[150],"efficiency":[151],"reduces":[155],"training":[156],"time":[157],"50%":[159],"lowers":[161],"both":[162],"edge\u2013cloud":[163],"times":[168],"2%.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}