{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416551902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","title":"Applying psychometrics to large language model simulated populations: recreating the HEXACO personality inventory experiment with generative agents","display_name":"Applying psychometrics to large language model simulated populations: recreating the HEXACO personality inventory experiment with generative agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416551902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42904031","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13682896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsos.251802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","pdf_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos/article-pdf/doi/10.1098/rsos.251802/6172764/rsos.251802.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737558550","display_name":"Royal Society Open Science","issn_l":"2054-5703","issn":["2054-5703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos/article-pdf/doi/10.1098/rsos.251802/6172764/rsos.251802.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sarah Mercer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3068-991X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3068-991X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Mercer","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute , London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3068-991X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute , London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103492017","display_name":"Daniel J. Martin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute , London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute , London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028810405","display_name":"Phil Swatton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-1348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-1348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phil Swatton","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute , London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute , London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1471},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1471},"fwci":10.9181,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96559479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"251802","last_page":"251802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.15119999647140503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.0284000001847744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai-agents","display_name":"generative AI agents","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4","display_name":"GPT-4","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-populations","display_name":"simulated populations","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-structure","display_name":"personality structure","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-validity","display_name":"psychometric validity","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-personas","display_name":"agent personas","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-analysis","display_name":"factor analysis","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-traits","display_name":"personality traits","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.7315999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25908422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271716","display_name":"Personality psychology","level":3,"score":0.7113999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6212000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.536899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174010058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170643","display_name":"Personality Assessment Inventory","level":3,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C313442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778556","display_name":"Persona","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779026634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475455","display_name":"Personality test","level":4,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsos.251802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","pdf_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos/article-pdf/doi/10.1098/rsos.251802/6172764/rsos.251802.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737558550","display_name":"Royal Society Open Science","issn_l":"2054-5703","issn":["2054-5703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42904031","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42904031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society open science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13682896","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13682896/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"R Soc Open Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.00742","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.00742","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.00742","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21cfcf381a074e3ebc840eaed6037ced","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21cfcf381a074e3ebc840eaed6037ced","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science, Vol 13, Iss 10, Pp - (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.00742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.00742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.00742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsos.251802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251802","pdf_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos/article-pdf/doi/10.1098/rsos.251802/6172764/rsos.251802.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737558550","display_name":"Royal Society Open Science","issn_l":"2054-5703","issn":["2054-5703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Royal Society Open Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416551902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416551902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003324808","https://openalex.org/W2016377072","https://openalex.org/W2025403666","https://openalex.org/W2039540101","https://openalex.org/W2046759284","https://openalex.org/W2058090646","https://openalex.org/W2062026474","https://openalex.org/W2137271651","https://openalex.org/W2161080627","https://openalex.org/W2169863498","https://openalex.org/W2330055266","https://openalex.org/W3005742798","https://openalex.org/W3081158114","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4317552966","https://openalex.org/W4321455981","https://openalex.org/W4361020574","https://openalex.org/W4363624465","https://openalex.org/W4385571220","https://openalex.org/W4385572965","https://openalex.org/W4385573216","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4388092132","https://openalex.org/W4389217265","https://openalex.org/W4389636360","https://openalex.org/W4390511174","https://openalex.org/W4391833712","https://openalex.org/W4396781199","https://openalex.org/W4396913486","https://openalex.org/W4398648745","https://openalex.org/W4399316390","https://openalex.org/W4399356353","https://openalex.org/W4399391136","https://openalex.org/W4400065236","https://openalex.org/W4401023556","https://openalex.org/W4401042604","https://openalex.org/W4402670044","https://openalex.org/W4404311504","https://openalex.org/W4404784102","https://openalex.org/W4411120637","https://openalex.org/W4417454579","https://openalex.org/W7155906632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403710735","https://openalex.org/W4406015426","https://openalex.org/W4396913486","https://openalex.org/W7213924229","https://openalex.org/W4399836919","https://openalex.org/W4405848591","https://openalex.org/W4409963398","https://openalex.org/W4399316390","https://openalex.org/W7163006761","https://openalex.org/W4401042604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Generative":[1],"agents":[2,180],"powered":[3,66],"by":[4,62,83],"large":[5],"language":[6,15],"models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"demonstrate":[9],"human-like":[10],"characteristics":[11],"through":[12],"sophisticated":[13],"natural":[14],"interactions.":[16],"Their":[17],"ability":[18],"to":[19,78,117,167,196,214],"assume":[20],"roles":[21],"and":[22,74,104,128,139,151,158,175,185,192,199],"personalities":[23],"based":[24],"on":[25,71,171,189],"predefined":[26],"character":[27],"biographies":[28],"has":[29],"positioned":[30],"them":[31],"as":[32],"cost-effective":[33],"substitutes":[34],"for":[35],"human":[36,53,202,211],"participants":[37],"in":[38,51,145,181],"social":[39,182],"science":[40,183],"research.":[41],"This":[42,164],"paper":[43],"explores":[44],"the":[45,57,79,111,118,122,155,162,168,172],"validity":[46],"of":[47,177,201,209],"such":[48],"persona-based":[49],"agents1":[50],"representing":[52],"populations;":[54],"we":[55],"recreate":[56],"HEXACO":[58,119],"personality":[59,106,124,146,203],"inventory":[60],"experiment":[61],"surveying":[63],"310":[64],"GPT-4":[65],"agents,":[67],"conducting":[68],"factor":[69],"analysis":[70,142],"their":[72],"responses,":[73],"comparing":[75],"these":[76],"results":[77,99],"original":[80],"findings":[81],"presented":[82],"Ashton":[84],"et":[85,88],"al.":[86,89],"(Ashton":[87],"2004":[90],"J.":[91],"Pers.":[92],"Soc.":[93],"Psychol.":[94],"87,":[95],"707\u2013721":[96],"(doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.707).":[97],"Our":[98],"found":[100],"(i)":[101],"a":[102,135],"coherent":[103],"reliable":[105,129],"structure":[107],"was":[108],"recoverable":[109],"from":[110],"agents\u2019":[112],"responses":[113],"demonstrating":[114],"partial":[115],"alignment":[116],"framework,":[120],"(ii)":[121],"derived":[123],"dimensions":[125],"were":[126],"consistent":[127,191],"within":[130],"GPT-4,":[131],"when":[132],"coupled":[133],"with":[134],"sufficiently":[136],"curated":[137],"population,":[138],"(iii)":[140],"cross-model":[141],"revealed":[143],"variability":[144],"profiling,":[147],"suggesting":[148],"model-specific":[149],"biases":[150],"limitations.":[152],"We":[153],"discuss":[154],"practical":[156],"considerations":[157],"challenges":[159],"encountered":[160],"during":[161],"experiment.":[163],"study":[165],"contributes":[166],"ongoing":[169],"discourse":[170],"potential":[173,207],"benefits":[174],"limitations":[176,208],"using":[178],"generative":[179,215],"research":[184],"provides":[186],"useful":[187],"guidance":[188],"designing":[190],"representative":[193],"agent":[194],"personas":[195],"maximize":[197],"coverage":[198],"representation":[200],"traits,":[204],"while":[205],"highlighting":[206],"applying":[210],"psychometric":[212],"frameworks":[213],"agents.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
