{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416459331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","title":"Fault-class coverage\u2013aligned combined training for AFDD of AHUs across multiple buildings","display_name":"Fault-class coverage\u2013aligned combined training for AFDD of AHUs across multiple buildings","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416459331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41271810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-24959-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-24959-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081481357","display_name":"Seunghyeon Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4189-1789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4189-1789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seunghyeon Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0NN, UK. seung-hyun.wang@ucl.ac.uk","Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0NN, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0NN, UK. seung-hyun.wang@ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0NN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081481357"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":2.7437,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91026786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"41192","last_page":"41192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.2827000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-handling-units","display_name":"air handling units","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tabnet","display_name":"TabNet","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tabtransformer","display_name":"TabTransformer","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac-fault-diagnosis","display_name":"HVAC fault diagnosis","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-heatmaps","display_name":"attention heatmaps","score":0.703000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.7964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7003999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4964999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-24959-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41271810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41271810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11445978","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12639149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d42f8cbdcac04f7e8d84c668e6a67b28","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d42f8cbdcac04f7e8d84c668e6a67b28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24959-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-24959-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416459331.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416459331.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987801135","https://openalex.org/W2006572999","https://openalex.org/W2010833486","https://openalex.org/W2056277721","https://openalex.org/W2170351913","https://openalex.org/W2594434602","https://openalex.org/W2761809599","https://openalex.org/W2804601703","https://openalex.org/W2936774193","https://openalex.org/W2938041406","https://openalex.org/W3015117044","https://openalex.org/W3096853769","https://openalex.org/W3115881040","https://openalex.org/W3157059293","https://openalex.org/W3165330801","https://openalex.org/W3174086521","https://openalex.org/W3174700462","https://openalex.org/W3202428668","https://openalex.org/W4207061671","https://openalex.org/W4292939437","https://openalex.org/W4296640192","https://openalex.org/W4304114014","https://openalex.org/W4316038746","https://openalex.org/W4319964765","https://openalex.org/W4361026914","https://openalex.org/W4366608291","https://openalex.org/W4385723332","https://openalex.org/W4386284129","https://openalex.org/W4386483780","https://openalex.org/W4386509496","https://openalex.org/W4389080802","https://openalex.org/W4389304531","https://openalex.org/W4393210049","https://openalex.org/W4394912303","https://openalex.org/W4395071168","https://openalex.org/W4398733205","https://openalex.org/W4400617990","https://openalex.org/W4401034297","https://openalex.org/W4401665269","https://openalex.org/W4401945807","https://openalex.org/W4402747102","https://openalex.org/W4404803357","https://openalex.org/W4405686240","https://openalex.org/W4406074407","https://openalex.org/W4406170795","https://openalex.org/W4407843702","https://openalex.org/W4407954884","https://openalex.org/W4408052383","https://openalex.org/W4409203625","https://openalex.org/W4411040281","https://openalex.org/W4411278405","https://openalex.org/W4412707819","https://openalex.org/W4413054572","https://openalex.org/W4413593661","https://openalex.org/W4414602019","https://openalex.org/W4414934588","https://openalex.org/W7081947165"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning\u2013based":[1],"Automated":[2],"Fault":[3],"Detection":[4],"and":[5,25,38,48,64,73,83,104,117,122,131,142,150,156,159,185],"Diagnosis":[6],"(AFDD)":[7],"for":[8,71,96,109,123,145,153,162],"Air":[9],"Handling":[10],"Units":[11],"(AHUs)":[12],"has":[13],"often":[14],"performed":[15],"well.":[16],"However,":[17],"most":[18],"prior":[19],"studies":[20],"relied":[21],"on":[22,40,92],"single-building":[23],"datasets":[24],"fixed":[26],"feature":[27],"schemas,":[28],"limiting":[29],"applicability":[30],"to":[31,51],"new":[32],"sites.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35],"evaluated":[36],"TabTransformer":[37],"TabNet":[39,90,137],"a":[41],"unified":[42,93],"multi-building":[43],"dataset":[44],"pooling":[45],"auditorium,":[46,98,147],"hospital,":[47,111,155],"office":[49],"data":[50,94],"examine":[52],"coverage-aligned":[53],"combined":[54,171],"training":[55,172,184],"across":[56],"buildings.":[57],"Extensive":[58],"hyperparameter":[59],"optimization":[60],"covering":[61],"3240":[62],"models":[63],"systematic":[65],"analyses":[66],"were":[67],"performed,":[68],"including":[69],"checks":[70],"underfitting":[72],"overfitting,":[74],"assessment":[75],"of":[76,102,107,115,120,129,134,179],"validation\u2013test":[77],"variation,":[78],"best-model":[79],"selection,":[80],"attention":[81],"heatmaps,":[82],"comparisons":[84],"with":[85],"non-attention":[86],"baselines.":[87],"The":[88],"optimized":[89],"trained":[91],"achieved,":[95],"the":[97,110,124,146,154,163,183,192],"an":[99,105,112,118,126,132],"F1":[100,113,127,141,149,158],"score":[101,114,128],"97.43%":[103],"accuracy":[106,119,133,144,152,161],"97.91%;":[108],"92.01%":[116],"92.50%;":[121],"office,":[125],"92.25%":[130],"92.46%.":[135],"Single-building":[136],"baselines":[138],"reached":[139],"96.82%":[140],"97.37%":[143],"95.40%":[148],"97.21%":[151],"96.27%":[157],"97.29%":[160],"office.":[164],"Across":[165],"all":[166],"three":[167],"buildings,":[168],"gains":[169,193],"from":[170],"arose":[173],"primarily":[174],"under":[175],"strong":[176],"coverage":[177],"alignment":[178,189],"fault":[180],"classes":[181],"between":[182],"target":[186],"sets;":[187],"when":[188],"was":[190],"weak,":[191],"diminished.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
