{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416449397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","title":"At high income levels, cognitive abilities are less predictive of school grades among white compared to minoritized students.","display_name":"At high income levels, cognitive abilities are less predictive of school grades among white compared to minoritized students.","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416449397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085464308","display_name":"Ekaterina Sadikova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-9475","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-9475"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekaterina Sadikova","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076290987","display_name":"Henning W. Tiemeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4395-1397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4395-1397"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henning Tiemeier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109172678","display_name":"David R. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8654-6228","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8654-6228","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9922-8117"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085257284","display_name":"Divyangana Rakesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-2086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-2086"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divyangana Rakesh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-2086","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.5625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.5625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.2897999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10589","display_name":"Early Childhood Education and Development","score":0.03629999980330467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-achievement-gap","display_name":"socioeconomic achievement gap","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-ability","display_name":"cognitive ability","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-grades","display_name":"school grades","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-to-needs-ratio","display_name":"income-to-needs ratio","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minoritized-students","display_name":"minoritized students","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-decoding","display_name":"reading decoding","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-education","display_name":"parental education","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/area-deprivation","display_name":"area deprivation","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-brain-cognitive-development-study","display_name":"Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study","score":0.7609999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6538000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5882999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140441792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910672","display_name":"Cognitive development","level":3,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777169553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7130814","display_name":"Panel Study of Income Dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6057870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141248","display_name":"Cognitive test","level":3,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134290984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141241","display_name":"Cognitive skill","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777101753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5433336","display_name":"Family income","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019246855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156560","display_name":"Non cognitive","level":3,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109260823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407784","display_name":"Child development","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150681269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380771","display_name":"Cognitive style","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987028688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085","display_name":"African american","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10050518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085","display_name":"Primary education","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:86964157-10f6-4dc3-abc9-a3b1ed6f009e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/4t3z2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r8q4b_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392638725","https://openalex.org/W4285394387","https://openalex.org/W2746981003","https://openalex.org/W4294617909","https://openalex.org/W4406219422","https://openalex.org/W1988244582","https://openalex.org/W4244147860","https://openalex.org/W4283719925","https://openalex.org/W2169179511","https://openalex.org/W2047177036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Socioeconomic":[0,105],"disparities":[1],"in":[2,37,71,170,178,229,247],"academic":[3,176],"attainment":[4],"\u2013":[5,10,81],"termed":[6],"socioeconomic":[7,43],"achievement":[8,177],"gaps":[9],"are":[11,35,225],"persistent":[12],"and":[13,17,44,59,68,100,102,106,133,161,195,234,238],"undermine":[14],"equitable":[15],"occupational":[16],"health":[18],"trajectories":[19],"across":[20,42,232],"the":[21,29,75,88,154,248],"lifespan.":[22],"However,":[23],"it\u2019s":[24],"not":[25,226],"well":[26],"understood":[27],"whether":[28,53],"extent":[30],"to":[31,213,217,243],"which":[32],"cognitive":[33,57,107,159,191,215,223],"abilities":[34,58,216,224],"reflected":[36,228],"students\u2019":[38],"school":[39,60,141,162,230],"grades":[40,61,120,142,163,231],"varies":[41],"demographic":[45],"characteristics.":[46],"In":[47,221],"this":[48,179],"longitudinal":[49],"study,":[50],"we":[51],"assessed":[52],"prospective":[54],"associations":[55,156],"between":[56,157],"differ":[62],"by":[63,95,150],"income-to-needs":[64,147],"ratio,":[65],"parental":[66,189],"education,":[67],"area":[69],"deprivation":[70],"11,868":[72],"youth":[73],"from":[74,87,205],"Adolescent":[76],"Brain":[77],"Cognitive":[78],"Development":[79],"study":[80],"a":[82],"diverse":[83],"national":[84],"pediatric":[85],"sample":[86],"U.S.":[89,249],"We":[90,127],"additionally":[91],"examined":[92],"further":[93,251],"stratification":[94],"sex":[96],"assigned":[97],"at":[98,111,143,164,193],"birth":[99],"racial":[101,235],"ethnic":[103],"identity.":[104],"variables":[108],"were":[109,121,137,167],"measured":[110],"baseline":[112],"(2016-2018;":[113],"mean":[114],"age":[115],"9.9":[116],"years":[117,124],"(SD=0.7)).":[118],"School":[119],"reported":[122],"three":[123],"post":[125],"baseline.":[126],"show":[128],"that":[129,153],"reading":[130],"decoding":[131],"ability":[132],"overall":[134],"crystallized":[135,158],"cognition":[136],"less":[138,206],"predictive":[139],"of":[140,146,197],"higher":[144],"levels":[145],"ratio.":[148],"Stratification":[149],"race/ethnicity":[151],"indicated":[152],"weaker":[155],"functions":[160],"high":[165,219],"incomes":[166],"only":[168],"evident":[169],"non-Hispanic":[171],"White":[172,245],"students.":[173],"Higher":[174],"average":[175],"group":[180],"may":[181,209],"be":[182],"more":[183],"reliant":[184],"on":[185],"factors":[186],"like":[187],"greater":[188,211],"expectations,":[190],"stimulation":[192],"home,":[194],"attendance":[196],"schools":[198],"with":[199],"grade":[200],"inflation":[201],"practices.":[202],"Conversely,":[203],"students":[204,246],"affluent":[207,244],"backgrounds":[208],"face":[210],"pressures":[212],"demonstrate":[214],"receive":[218],"grades.":[220],"sum,":[222],"equitably":[227],"economic":[233],"student":[236],"strata":[237],"potential":[239],"structural":[240],"advantages":[241],"availed":[242],"require":[250],"examination.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}