{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416296229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","title":"ChatGPT-5 vs oral medicine experts for rank-based differential diagnosis of oral lesions: a prospective, biopsy-validated comparison","display_name":"ChatGPT-5 vs oral medicine experts for rank-based differential diagnosis of oral lesions: a prospective, biopsy-validated comparison","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416296229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41247661","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13319845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151842127","display_name":"Odontology","issn_l":"1618-1247","issn":["1618-1247","1618-1255"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Odontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001122176","display_name":"Asmaa Abou\u2010Bakr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-8257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-8257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009028","display_name":"Galala University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x3ne739","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asmaa Abou-Bakr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Galala University, Suez, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Galala University, Suez, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052041979","display_name":"Ahmed El Barbary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0992-8322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0992-8322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009028","display_name":"Galala University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x3ne739","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed El Barbary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Galala University, Suez, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Galala University, Suez, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067789266","display_name":"Fatma E. A. Hassanein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8010-9265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8010-9265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012626","display_name":"King Salman International University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gj69425","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012626"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatma E. A. Hassanein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, King Salman International University, El-Tor, Egypt. fatma.hassanein@ksiu.edu.eg","Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, King Salman International University, El-Tor, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8010-9265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, King Salman International University, El-Tor, Egypt. fatma.hassanein@ksiu.edu.eg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, King Salman International University, El-Tor, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012626"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001122176","https://openalex.org/A5067789266"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012626","https://openalex.org/I4400009028"],"apc_list":{"value":4690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4690},"apc_paid":{"value":4690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4690},"fwci":3.9776,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94653699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"3","first_page":"1743","last_page":"1756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11452","display_name":"Oral Health Pathology and Treatment","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt-5","display_name":"ChatGPT-5","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-lesions","display_name":"oral lesions","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-diagnosis","display_name":"differential diagnosis","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-medicine","display_name":"oral medicine","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-consensus","display_name":"expert consensus","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-assisted-diagnosis","display_name":"AI-assisted diagnosis","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathology","display_name":"histopathology","score":0.7549999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7926999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837512","display_name":"Differential diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.6887000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778942190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3673891","display_name":"Oral medicine","level":2,"score":0.5372999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778636310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504033","display_name":"Oral and maxillofacial surgery","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986629439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9635","display_name":"Oral cavity","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994522178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169207","display_name":"Differential treatment","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001706","descriptor_name":"Biopsy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009059","descriptor_name":"Mouth Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009059","descriptor_name":"Mouth Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151842127","display_name":"Odontology","issn_l":"1618-1247","issn":["1618-1247","1618-1255"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Odontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41247661","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41247661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Odontology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10266-025-01242-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151842127","display_name":"Odontology","issn_l":"1618-1247","issn":["1618-1247","1618-1255"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Odontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321119","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416296229.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416296229.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183740920","https://openalex.org/W2758360138","https://openalex.org/W2774760269","https://openalex.org/W2907853766","https://openalex.org/W2964200854","https://openalex.org/W3007436353","https://openalex.org/W3097197838","https://openalex.org/W3164002438","https://openalex.org/W3174961587","https://openalex.org/W3176419688","https://openalex.org/W3209001498","https://openalex.org/W4206052259","https://openalex.org/W4210788416","https://openalex.org/W4220922406","https://openalex.org/W4236573698","https://openalex.org/W4362474524","https://openalex.org/W4382797881","https://openalex.org/W4385660685","https://openalex.org/W4387296280","https://openalex.org/W4394964267","https://openalex.org/W4395031736","https://openalex.org/W4396624556","https://openalex.org/W4401451620","https://openalex.org/W4402795258","https://openalex.org/W4403467309","https://openalex.org/W4403486851","https://openalex.org/W4404086864","https://openalex.org/W4404288320","https://openalex.org/W4404581251","https://openalex.org/W4405112537","https://openalex.org/W4407419547","https://openalex.org/W4408515331","https://openalex.org/W4409091111","https://openalex.org/W4409739276","https://openalex.org/W4409814635","https://openalex.org/W4410421218","https://openalex.org/W4411146488","https://openalex.org/W4411432704","https://openalex.org/W4411904494","https://openalex.org/W4411938768","https://openalex.org/W4411960873","https://openalex.org/W4412755657","https://openalex.org/W4413468873","https://openalex.org/W4416267632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406149110","https://openalex.org/W4409739276","https://openalex.org/W7223063306","https://openalex.org/W4411904494","https://openalex.org/W4413930996","https://openalex.org/W4408515331","https://openalex.org/W4412535138","https://openalex.org/W7212055873","https://openalex.org/W4417042397","https://openalex.org/W7118129463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"differential":[1,20,201],"diagnosis":[2],"of":[3],"oral":[4,34,39,206],"lesions":[5,124],"is":[6],"challenging.":[7],"Large":[8],"language":[9,195],"models":[10,196],"(LLMs)":[11],"may":[12,197],"support":[13],"clinicians,":[14],"but":[15,179],"expert-validated":[16],"evidence":[17],"on":[18],"ranked":[19,61,172],"lists":[21],"remains":[22,208,215],"limited.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25],"aimed":[26],"to":[27,58,152,159,225],"compare":[28],"ChatGPT-5":[29,146,168],"with":[30,50,82,139,143,233],"ChatGPT-4o":[31,156],"and":[32,53,67,78,92,101,115,121,155,217],"an":[33],"medicine":[35,207],"expert":[36,84,141,175],"for":[37],"biopsy-confirmed":[38,48],"lesions.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"prospective,":[43],"paired":[44],"accuracy":[45],"study,":[46],"100":[47],"cases":[49],"standardized":[51],"vignettes":[52],"photographs":[54],"were":[55,96,112],"independently":[56],"assessed":[57],"produce":[59],"Top-5":[60,68],"differentials.":[62],"Accuracy":[63],"at":[64,117,135,177,181],"Top-1,":[65],"Top-3,":[66,110],"was":[69,85],"benchmarked":[70],"against":[71],"histopathology;":[72],"subgroup":[73],"analyses":[74],"considered":[75],"lesion":[76],"type":[77],"case":[79],"difficulty.":[80],"Agreement":[81,138],"the":[83,130,140,165],"evaluated":[86],"using":[87],"percent":[88],"agreement,":[89],"Cohen's":[90],"\u03ba,":[91],"AC1.":[93],"Top-1":[94,127],"accuracies":[95,111],"52%":[97],"(ChatGPT-5),":[98],"59%":[99],"(ChatGPT-4o),":[100],"79%":[102],"(expert;":[103],"Cochran's":[104],"Q,":[105],"p":[106],"<":[107],"0.001).":[108],"At":[109],"72%,":[113],"77%,":[114],"88%;":[116],"Top-5,":[118],"78%,":[119],"83%,":[120],"91%.":[122],"Inflammatory":[123],"showed":[125],"significant":[126],"differences":[128],"favoring":[129],"expert,":[131],"whereas":[132],"performance":[133,176],"converged":[134],"broader":[136,144],"ranks.":[137],"improved":[142],"thresholds:":[145],"AC1":[147],"rose":[148],"from":[149,157],"0.361":[150],"(Top-1)":[151],"0.715":[153],"(Top-5),":[154],"0.336":[158],"0.767,":[160],"while":[161],"\u03ba":[162],"remained":[163],"in":[164,199,205],"fair":[166],"range.":[167],"generated":[169],"clinically":[170],"useful":[171],"differentials":[173],"approaching":[174],"Top-3/Top-5":[178],"lagged":[180],"Top-1.":[182],"Lesion":[183],"type,":[184],"particularly":[185],"inflammatory,":[186],"influenced":[187],"accuracy,":[188],"supporting":[189],"supervised":[190,226],"clinical":[191,220],"use.":[192],"Although":[193],"large":[194],"assist":[198],"narrowing":[200],"diagnoses,":[202],"their":[203],"role":[204],"supportive":[209],"rather":[210],"than":[211],"determinative.":[212],"Human":[213],"expertise":[214],"indispensable,":[216],"integration":[218],"into":[219],"workflows":[221],"should":[222],"be":[223],"restricted":[224],"settings":[227],"until":[228],"future":[229],"iterations":[230],"achieve":[231],"parity":[232],"experts.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-11-17T00:00:00"}
