{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416138317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","title":"Performance Evaluation and Optimization of an Ink/Polyurethane Actuator for Light-Driven Soft Gripper","display_name":"Performance Evaluation and Optimization of an Ink/Polyurethane Actuator for Light-Driven Soft Gripper","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416138317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41304369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym17223004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/17/22/3004/pdf?version=1762937994","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/17/22/3004/pdf?version=1762937994","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101926906","display_name":"Quanwang Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5304-3845","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5304-3845"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanwang Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5304-3845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024956344","display_name":"Xiangyu Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-9343","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-9343"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101431189","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-4673","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-4673"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089400436","display_name":"Weiyang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-8642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-8642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiyang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Information, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-8642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Information, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100767155","display_name":"Xiaohong Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9700-9540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9700-9540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081526081","display_name":"Xiangfu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-3357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-3357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangfu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-3357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081526081","https://openalex.org/A5100767155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.3013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53235023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"22","first_page":"3004","last_page":"3004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-driven-actuators","display_name":"light-driven actuators","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotic-gripper","display_name":"soft gripper","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photothermal-actuation","display_name":"photothermal actuation","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics","display_name":"soft robotics","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator-optimization","display_name":"actuator optimization","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ink-concentration","display_name":"ink concentration","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bending-angle","display_name":"bending angle","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-speed","display_name":"response speed","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/durability","display_name":"durability","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-cost-actuators","display_name":"low-cost actuators","score":0.734000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.8802000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775960376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435859","display_name":"Grippers","level":2,"score":0.7810999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6843000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776058767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151","display_name":"Soft robotics","level":3,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87210426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072476","display_name":"Bending","level":2,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192157962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087243","display_name":"Bilayer","level":3,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777069470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7783228","display_name":"Thermoplastic polyurethane","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32833848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115054","display_name":"Extensibility","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779578285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146322","display_name":"Polyurethane","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196628372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801090","display_name":"Artificial muscle","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121158502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4652161","display_name":"AKA","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170401851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1965061","display_name":"Pneumatic actuator","level":3,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym17223004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/17/22/3004/pdf?version=1762937994","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41304369","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41304369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym17223004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/17/22/3004/pdf?version=1762937994","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G212912555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSFC62575145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8828950462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSFC12574266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416138317.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416138317.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765570791","https://openalex.org/W2784655082","https://openalex.org/W2892333947","https://openalex.org/W3134849678","https://openalex.org/W3187512778","https://openalex.org/W3216761502","https://openalex.org/W4220992013","https://openalex.org/W4313531972","https://openalex.org/W4319843245","https://openalex.org/W4361012885","https://openalex.org/W4388796809","https://openalex.org/W4389816050","https://openalex.org/W4390913098","https://openalex.org/W4392786410","https://openalex.org/W4396626961","https://openalex.org/W4399139592","https://openalex.org/W4399460143","https://openalex.org/W4400421530","https://openalex.org/W4400690851","https://openalex.org/W4401832570","https://openalex.org/W4401865441","https://openalex.org/W4402667843","https://openalex.org/W4403566710","https://openalex.org/W4403647940","https://openalex.org/W4403962085","https://openalex.org/W4407065083","https://openalex.org/W4409483436","https://openalex.org/W4411208546"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flexible":[0],"light-driven":[1,32],"actuators":[2],"are":[3],"emerging":[4],"as":[5],"critical":[6],"components":[7],"for":[8,115,125],"next-generation":[9],"soft":[10,118],"robotics":[11],"and":[12,18,26,48,57,72,92,120],"intelligent":[13],"systems,":[14],"demanding":[15],"simple":[16],"fabrication":[17],"robust":[19],"performance.":[20,129],"This":[21],"work":[22],"details":[23],"the":[24,42,54],"optimization":[25],"characterization":[27],"of":[28,69,76],"a":[29,73],"flexible,":[30],"low-cost":[31],"actuator":[33,96,128],"based":[34],"on":[35],"an":[36,66,86],"ink/polyurethane":[37],"bilayer":[38],"composite.":[39],"We":[40],"maximized":[41],"actuation":[43],"performance,":[44],"including":[45],"bending":[46],"angle":[47],"response":[49],"speed,":[50],"by":[51],"systematically":[52],"tuning":[53],"ink":[55,67],"concentration":[56,68],"polyurethane":[58,74],"layer":[59],"thickness.":[60],"Optimal":[61],"results":[62,110],"were":[63],"achieved":[64],"at":[65],"220":[70],"mg/mL":[71],"thickness":[75],"50":[77],"\u00b5m,":[78],"which":[79],"thermal":[80],"analysis":[81],"confirmed":[82],"is":[83],"due":[84],"to":[85],"ideal":[87],"balance":[88],"between":[89],"photothermal":[90,127],"efficiency":[91],"mechanical":[93],"integrity.":[94],"The":[95],"also":[97],"exhibited":[98],"excellent":[99],"durability,":[100],"showing":[101],"no":[102],"performance":[103],"degradation":[104],"after":[105],"500":[106],"continuous":[107],"cycles.":[108],"Our":[109],"validate":[111],"this":[112],"material":[113],"system":[114],"applications":[116],"like":[117],"grippers":[119],"offer":[121],"clear":[122],"design":[123],"principles":[124],"enhancing":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00"}