{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416035162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","title":"A Comprehensive Survey on the Trustworthiness of Large Language Models in Healthcare","display_name":"A Comprehensive Survey on the Trustworthiness of Large Language Models in Healthcare","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416035162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096085","display_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.356.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064634793","display_name":"Maha Aljohani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-3311","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-3311"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manar Aljohani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010258343","display_name":"Jun Long Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-1427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-1427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107401847","display_name":"Sindhura Kommu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sindhura Kommu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuan Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.1913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99854651,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6720","last_page":"6748"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.051100000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"trustworthiness","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/honesty","display_name":"honesty","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy","display_name":"privacy","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety","display_name":"safety","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"robustness","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fairness","display_name":"fairness","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainability","display_name":"explainability","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-benchmark","display_name":"LLM benchmark","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-cooperation","display_name":"agent cooperation","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-reasoning","display_name":"multimodal reasoning","score":0.9120000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5616999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5591999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096085","display_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.15871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.15871","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.15871","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.15871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.15871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.15871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.356","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096085","display_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7160159671","display_name":"CAREER: Automated, Quality, and Trustworthy Scientific Information Extraction from Massive Text Data","funder_award_id":"2442253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416035162.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416035162.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4353007316","https://openalex.org/W4366327625","https://openalex.org/W4388196756","https://openalex.org/W4391833586","https://openalex.org/W4393212593","https://openalex.org/W4399454054","https://openalex.org/W4402671758","https://openalex.org/W4403621942","https://openalex.org/W4406302454","https://openalex.org/W4411112973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407129275","https://openalex.org/W4416073431","https://openalex.org/W7206162491","https://openalex.org/W4388196756","https://openalex.org/W4411249773","https://openalex.org/W7169803485","https://openalex.org/W4411184968","https://openalex.org/W4395703766","https://openalex.org/W4404985359","https://openalex.org/W7165535636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"application":[1],"of":[2,35,72,99,122,153],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"in":[7,74,133],"healthcare":[8,75,123],"holds":[9],"significant":[10],"promise":[11],"for":[12,46],"enhancing":[13],"clinical":[14,25],"decision-making,":[15],"medical":[16,156],"research,":[17],"and":[18,41,53,63,87,102,119,129,150,168],"patient":[19],"care.However,":[20],"their":[21],"integration":[22],"into":[23],"real-world":[24],"settings":[26],"raises":[27],"critical":[28,131],"concerns":[29],"around":[30,33],"trustworthiness,":[31,69],"particularly":[32],"dimensions":[34,43],"truthfulness,":[36],"privacy,":[37],"safety,":[38],"robustness,":[39],"fairness,":[40],"explainability.These":[42],"are":[44],"essential":[45],"ensuring":[47],"that":[48,82,92],"LLMs":[49,73],"generate":[50],"reliable,":[51],"unbiased,":[52],"ethically":[54],"sound":[55],"outputs.While":[56],"researchers":[57],"have":[58],"recently":[59],"begun":[60],"developing":[61],"benchmarks":[62],"evaluation":[64],"frameworks":[65],"to":[66,160],"assess":[67],"LLM":[68],"the":[70,117,151],"trustworthiness":[71],"remains":[76],"underexplored,":[77],"lacking":[78],"a":[79,84,96],"systematic":[80],"review":[81,98],"provides":[83],"comprehensive":[85,97],"understanding":[86],"future":[88,162],"insights.This":[89],"survey":[90],"addresses":[91],"gap":[93],"by":[94,141],"providing":[95],"current":[100],"methodologies":[101],"solutions":[103],"aimed":[104],"at":[105],"mitigating":[106],"risks":[107],"across":[108],"key":[109],"trust":[110],"dimensions.We":[111],"analyze":[112],"how":[113],"each":[114],"dimension":[115],"affects":[116],"reliability":[118],"ethical":[120],"deployment":[121],"LLMs,":[124],"synthesize":[125],"ongoing":[126],"research":[127,163],"efforts,":[128],"identify":[130,137],"gaps":[132],"existing":[134],"approaches.We":[135],"also":[136],"emerging":[138],"challenges":[139],"posed":[140],"evolving":[142],"paradigms,":[143],"such":[144],"as":[145],"multi-agent":[146],"collaboration,":[147],"multi-modal":[148],"reasoning,":[149],"development":[152],"small":[154],"opensource":[155],"models.Our":[157],"goal":[158],"is":[159],"guide":[161],"toward":[164],"more":[165],"trustworthy,":[166],"transparent,":[167],"clinically":[169],"viable":[170],"LLMs.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-11-08T00:00:00"}
