{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415966856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/2shh-sstq","title":"Exorcising ghosts with gravitational waves","display_name":"Exorcising ghosts with gravitational waves","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415966856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/2shh-sstq"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/2shh-sstq","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/2shh-sstq","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/2shh-sstq","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17789","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050600153","display_name":"Gaetano Lambiase","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7574-2330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7574-2330"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaetano Lambiase","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047518661","display_name":"Shinji Mukohyama A","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9934-2785","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9934-2785"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinji Mukohyama","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057604230","display_name":"Tanmay Kumar Poddar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9078-6224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9078-6224"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanmay Kumar Poddar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anna Chiara Rescigno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Chiara Rescigno","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4302,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84163454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.6859999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.6859999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.2782999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourth-order-gravity","display_name":"fourth-order gravity","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-gravity","display_name":"quadratic gravity","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghost-free-gravity","display_name":"ghost-free gravity","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-wave-emission","display_name":"gravitational wave emission","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbital-decay","display_name":"orbital decay","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psr-b1913-16","display_name":"PSR B1913+16","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gw170817","display_name":"GW170817","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp-mass","display_name":"chirp mass","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-unitarity","display_name":"non-unitarity","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torsion","display_name":"torsion","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonmetricity","display_name":"non-metricity","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-gravity","display_name":"modified gravity","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameter-space-constraints","display_name":"parameter space constraints","score":0.4050000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8607000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147452769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452","display_name":"General relativity","level":2,"score":0.6190999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.5349000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190330329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035","display_name":"Gravitational wave","level":2,"score":0.5250999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54937798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2024141","display_name":"Massless particle","level":2,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84269361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179235","display_name":"Phenomenology (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70920666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4328383","display_name":"Newtonian potential","level":3,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14257148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558066","display_name":"Gravitational field","level":2,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39984356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2121987","display_name":"Quadrupole","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110521144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193460","display_name":"Scalar field","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146846114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901448","display_name":"Einstein","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149324446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43514","display_name":"Theory of relativity","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204382877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319686","display_name":"Speed of gravity","level":4,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108568745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234181","display_name":"Quantum gravity","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141629334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3266751","display_name":"f(R) gravity","level":4,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187268509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1402884","display_name":"Field theory (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183276030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193095","display_name":"Coupling constant","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86294171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18373","display_name":"Gravitational constant","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50646069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1482138","display_name":"Fifth force","level":4,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79464548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464794","display_name":"Minkowski space","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145528070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7624560","display_name":"Strong gravity","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/2shh-sstq","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/2shh-sstq","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/2shh-sstq","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.17789","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17789","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.17789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.17789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.17789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.17789","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17789","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2340319323","display_name":"New developments in theories of gravity beyond general relativity","funder_award_id":"24K07017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320894","display_name":"Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/009gyvm78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415966856.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415966856.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2232904248","https://openalex.org/W2211084193","https://openalex.org/W3108921225","https://openalex.org/W2149047213","https://openalex.org/W1587412974","https://openalex.org/W1683919896","https://openalex.org/W7218165238","https://openalex.org/W7099070699","https://openalex.org/W2543324100","https://openalex.org/W7154871459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"General":[0],"Relativity":[1],"(GR)":[2],"is":[3,36,136,160],"an":[4],"effective":[5],"field":[6],"theory":[7,154,171],"valid":[8],"in":[9,127],"the":[10,39,46,51,67,73,87,93,97,108,114,119,128,132,140,148,152,161,164,169,174,182,192,203,206,239],"infrared":[11,47],"regime.":[12],"Quadratic":[13],"curvature":[14],"extensions":[15],"intended":[16],"to":[17,33,101],"probe":[18],"ultraviolet":[19],"physics":[20],"generically":[21],"propagate":[22],"a":[23,144],"massive":[24,120,124,165],"spin-$2$":[25,110,121],"ghost":[26,35,122],"and":[27,54,65,83,86,123,177,187,227,246],"are":[28,104,238],"therefore":[29],"non-unitary.":[30],"One":[31],"route":[32],"remove":[34],"by":[37,59],"enlarging":[38],"geometric":[40],"sector":[41],"(torsion,":[42],"non-metricity).":[43],"We":[44],"investigate":[45],"phenomenology":[48],"of":[49,76,90,118,163,191,205],"both":[50],"standard":[52],"(ghostful)":[53],"ghost-free":[55,170,247],"fourth-order":[56,248],"gravity":[57],"theories":[58],"computing":[60],"Gravitational":[61],"Wave":[62],"(GW)":[63],"emission":[64],"confronting":[66],"results":[68],"with":[69],"observations":[70,197],"such":[71,79],"as":[72,80,155],"orbital-period":[74],"decay":[75],"quasi-stable":[77],"binaries":[78],"PSR":[81,84],"B1913+16":[82],"J1738+0333":[85],"chirp-mass":[88],"evolution":[89],"GW170817.":[91],"In":[92],"ghostful":[94,153,245],"theory,":[95],"besides":[96],"theoretical":[98],"inconsistency":[99],"due":[100],"non-unitarity,":[102],"there":[103],"also":[105],"phenomenological":[106],"problems:":[107],"massless":[109],"GW":[111,116,149,196],"flux":[112],"cancels":[113],"combined":[115],"fluxes":[117],"spin-$0$":[125],"scalar":[126],"vanishing-mass":[129],"limit,":[130],"so":[131],"GR":[133,178],"quadrupole":[134,179],"formula":[135],"not":[137],"recovered":[138],"at":[139],"leading":[141],"order.":[142],"As":[143],"result,":[145],"we":[146,212,218],"obtain":[147,219],"constraint":[150],"on":[151,202],"$m\\gtrsim":[156],"10^{-11}~\\mathrm{eV}$,":[157],"where":[158],"$m$":[159],"mass":[162,193],"modes.":[166],"By":[167],"contrast,":[168],"smoothly":[172],"reproduces":[173],"Newtonian":[175],"potential":[176],"formulae":[180],"when":[181],"two":[183],"coupling":[184,207],"constants":[185],"$\u03b1_1$":[186],"$\u03b1_2$":[188],"vanish,":[189],"independently":[190],"$m$.":[194],"Therefore,":[195],"put":[198],"mass-dependent":[199],"upper":[200],"bounds":[201,242],"size":[204],"constants.":[208],"For":[209],"example,":[210],"if":[211],"assume":[213],"$\u03b1_1\\simeq\u03b1_2$":[214],"for":[215,223,231,244],"simplicity,":[216],"then":[217],"$\u03b1_{1,2}\\lesssim":[220,228],"4.2\\times":[221],"10^{83}$":[222],"$m\\sim":[224,232],"3\\times":[225],"10^{-16}\\,\\mathrm{eV}$":[226],"1.3\\times":[229],"10^{75}$":[230],"10^{-11}\\,\\mathrm{eV}$.":[233],"To":[234],"our":[235],"knowledge,":[236],"these":[237],"first":[240],"astrophysical-scale":[241],"reported":[243],"gravity.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}