{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415947799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2026.3682935","title":"Accelerating Frontier MoE Training With 3-D Integrated Optics","display_name":"Accelerating Frontier MoE Training With 3-D Integrated Optics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415947799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2026.3682935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2026.3682935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2026.3682935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2026.3682935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.15893","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092442117","display_name":"Mikhail Bernadskiy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4271-2227","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4271-2227"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099316","display_name":"Lightmatter (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/018extf73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikhail Bernadskiy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lightmatter"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4271-2227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lightmatter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125890766","display_name":"Peter Carson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4304-251X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4304-251X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099316","display_name":"Lightmatter (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/018extf73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Carson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lightmatter"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4304-251X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lightmatter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033257130","display_name":"Thomas John Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-5800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-5800","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0651-5324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099316","display_name":"Lightmatter (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/018extf73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lightmatter"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0651-5324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lightmatter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077281296","display_name":"Taylor Groves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7020-8881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7020-8881"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099316","display_name":"Lightmatter (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/018extf73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor Groves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lightmatter"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7020-8881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lightmatter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023737327","display_name":"Ho John Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3082-8808","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3082-8808"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099316","display_name":"Lightmatter (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/018extf73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho John Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lightmatter"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3082-8808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lightmatter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099316"],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5539,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92504324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"4","first_page":"75","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.5663999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.5663999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.2919999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.06669999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-of-experts","display_name":"mixture of experts","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-model-training","display_name":"large language model training","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpu-interconnects","display_name":"GPU interconnects","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-interconnects","display_name":"optical interconnects","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonic-switches","display_name":"photonic switches","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-efficiency","display_name":"power efficiency","score":0.43700000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5985000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59088047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229370","display_name":"Three-dimensional integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74524168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074539","display_name":"Integrated circuit design","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206891323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178655","display_name":"Moore's law","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991685","display_name":"Solid modeling","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853109","display_name":"Parallelism (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157742956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237776","display_name":"Frequency scaling","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780478481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189460","display_name":"Large format","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61483411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3124522","display_name":"Data parallelism","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181169782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571520","display_name":"Vertical integration","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984692560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523846","display_name":"Integrated optics","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188817802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13426855","display_name":"Physical design","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2026.3682935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2026.3682935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2026.3682935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.15893","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15893","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.15893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.15893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.15893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.15893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.15893","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15893","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.15893","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415947799.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415947799.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059300917","https://openalex.org/W2581624817","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2973727699","https://openalex.org/W3040573126","https://openalex.org/W3119866685","https://openalex.org/W4220967350","https://openalex.org/W4312922626","https://openalex.org/W4376652719","https://openalex.org/W4388031315","https://openalex.org/W4390723197","https://openalex.org/W4391801203","https://openalex.org/W4396815229","https://openalex.org/W4401211883","https://openalex.org/W4402671950","https://openalex.org/W4402955413","https://openalex.org/W4403182242","https://openalex.org/W4403364470","https://openalex.org/W4403422368","https://openalex.org/W4405903187","https://openalex.org/W4416014127","https://openalex.org/W4416113124","https://openalex.org/W4416429967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402835888","https://openalex.org/W7207791791","https://openalex.org/W4414463419","https://openalex.org/W7204247225","https://openalex.org/W7134822015","https://openalex.org/W4416156350","https://openalex.org/W4414974080","https://openalex.org/W6979228908","https://openalex.org/W4413757104","https://openalex.org/W7162461522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"traditional":[1],"semiconductor":[2],"scaling":[3,12],"slows,":[4],"highspeed":[5],"interconnects":[6,38,51],"have":[7],"emerged":[8],"as":[9],"the":[10,15,45,57,94,118,130],"new":[11],"engine,":[13],"enabling":[14],"creation":[16],"of":[17,48,67,81,85,97,120,137],"larger":[18],"logical":[19],"GPUs":[20,24,126],"by":[21],"linking":[22],"many":[23],"into":[25],"a":[26,62,73,148],"single,":[27],"low-latency,":[28],"high-bandwidth":[29],"compute":[30],"domain.":[31],"While":[32],"initial":[33],"scale-up":[34,58,76,98,131],"fabrics":[35],"leveraged":[36],"copper":[37],"for":[39,78],"their":[40],"power":[41,112],"and":[42,70,100,113,127],"cost":[43],"advantages,":[44],"maximum":[46],"reach":[47],"passive":[49],"electrical":[50],"(approximately":[52],"1":[53],"meter)":[54],"effectively":[55],"limits":[56],"domain":[59,132],"to":[60,109],"within":[61,129],"single":[63],"rack.":[64],"The":[65],"advent":[66],"3Dstacked":[68],"optics":[69,123],"logic":[71],"offers":[72],"transformative,":[74],"power-efficient":[75],"solution":[77],"connecting":[79],"hundreds":[80],"GPU":[82],"packages":[83],"(thousands":[84],"GPUs)":[86],"across":[87],"multiple":[88],"data":[89],"center":[90],"racks.This":[91],"work":[92],"explores":[93],"design":[95],"tradeoffs":[96],"technologies":[99],"demonstrates":[101],"how":[102],"frontier":[103],"LLMs":[104],"necessitate":[105],"novel":[106],"photonic":[107],"solutions":[108],"achieve":[110],"aggressive":[111],"performance":[114],"targets.":[115],"We":[116],"model":[117,155],"benefits":[119],"3D":[121],"integrated":[122],"(Passage)":[124],"enabled":[125],"switches":[128],"when":[133],"training":[134],"Frontier":[135],"Mixture":[136],"Experts":[138],"(MoE)":[139],"models":[140],"exceeding":[141],"one":[142],"trillion":[143],"parameters.":[144],"Our":[145],"results":[146],"show":[147],"2.7X":[149],"reduction":[150],"in":[151],"time-to-train,":[152],"unlocking":[153],"unprecedented":[154],"scaling.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-25T00:00:00"}