{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415934355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384","title":"Multiclass Threat Detection with the Use of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models","display_name":"Multiclass Threat Detection with the Use of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415934355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407106663","display_name":"International Asian School-Seminar Optimization Problems of Complex Systems (OPCS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 21st International Asian School-Seminar on Optimization Problems of Complex Systems (OPCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004586958","display_name":"Vladislav Karyukin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8768-0349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8768-0349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135055","display_name":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6e0k54","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladislav Karyukin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8768-0349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130","https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001999495","display_name":"Olga Ussatova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-6118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-6118"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I247491477","display_name":"Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/020d95911","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I247491477"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135055","display_name":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6e0k54","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Ussatova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, G. Daukeev Almaty University of Energy and Communications,Almaty,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-6118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, G. Daukeev Almaty University of Energy and Communications,Almaty,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I247491477","https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043952133","display_name":"Aidana Zhumabekova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-7988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-7988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135055","display_name":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6e0k54","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aidana Zhumabekova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-7988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130","https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093060486","display_name":"Kuanysh Zhumabekova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9877-639X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9877-639X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258609","display_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7xz780","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258609"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuanysh Zhumabekova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs named M. Esbulatov,Almaty,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9877-639X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs named M. Esbulatov,Almaty,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010050978","display_name":"Nikita Ussatov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5034-0682","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5034-0682"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130777500","display_name":"Turan University","ror":"https://ror.org/045mxyc94","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135055","display_name":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6e0k54","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikita Ussatov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, Turan University,Almaty,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5034-0682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, Turan University,Almaty,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500","https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089747023","display_name":"Yenlik Begimbayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-3345","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-3345"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I247491477","display_name":"Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/020d95911","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I247491477"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135055","display_name":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6e0k54","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yenlik Begimbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, G. Daukeev Almaty University of Energy and Communications,Almaty,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-3345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, G. Daukeev Almaty University of Energy and Communications,Almaty,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I247491477","https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-intrusion-detection","display_name":"network intrusion detection","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-detection","display_name":"malware detection","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/man-in-the-middle-attacks","display_name":"man-in-the-middle attacks","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ddos-attacks","display_name":"DDoS attacks","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-classifiers","display_name":"ensemble classifiers","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory","display_name":"long short-term memory","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chi-square-feature-selection","display_name":"chi-square feature selection","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"oversampling","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.814300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7487000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7476999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6057000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781002164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822311","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2667186","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/opcs67346.2025.11219384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407106663","display_name":"International Asian School-Seminar Optimization Problems of Complex Systems (OPCS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 21st International Asian School-Seminar on Optimization Problems of Complex Systems (OPCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387620841","https://openalex.org/W4393396508","https://openalex.org/W4403576729","https://openalex.org/W4406291624","https://openalex.org/W4407302061","https://openalex.org/W4408294630","https://openalex.org/W4409494814","https://openalex.org/W4409653774","https://openalex.org/W4409800460","https://openalex.org/W4410600847","https://openalex.org/W4410733917","https://openalex.org/W4410866089","https://openalex.org/W4410889209","https://openalex.org/W4410929914","https://openalex.org/W4413038750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406599029","https://openalex.org/W6930668433","https://openalex.org/W7160938671","https://openalex.org/W4393396508","https://openalex.org/W4416153655","https://openalex.org/W4414096065","https://openalex.org/W4407303959","https://openalex.org/W4398146733","https://openalex.org/W6912199061","https://openalex.org/W4412754175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,40,190],"research":[1],"work":[2],"focuses":[3],"on":[4],"detecting":[5],"cyberthreats,":[6],"including":[7],"Malware,":[8],"Man-in-the-Middle,":[9],"and":[10,17,36,43,63,83,129],"Distributed":[11],"Denial-of-Service.":[12],"Given":[13],"the":[14,31,45,68,80,87,115,154,193],"escalating":[15],"complexity":[16],"frequency":[18],"of":[19,47,94,110,117,139,195],"cyber":[20],"threats,":[21],"traditional":[22],"detection":[23],"approaches":[24],"struggle":[25],"to":[26,101,113,146,188],"provide":[27],"adequate":[28],"protection,":[29],"underscoring":[30],"need":[32],"for":[33,205],"deep":[34],"learning":[35,38,176],"machine":[37],"strategies.":[39],"study":[41,191],"evaluates":[42],"compares":[44],"performance":[46,182],"six":[48],"prominent":[49],"models:":[50],"XGBoost,":[51,130],"Random":[52,99,127],"Forest,":[53],"Support":[54,155],"Vector":[55,156],"Machine,":[56],"Dense":[57],"Neural":[58,61],"Network,":[59,62],"Convolutional":[60],"Long":[64],"Short-Term":[65],"Memory":[66],"using":[67,79],"NF-UQ-NIDS-v2":[69],"Network":[70],"Intrusion":[71],"Detection":[72],"Dataset.":[73],"The":[74,119],"dataset":[75],"was":[76],"meticulously":[77],"preprocessed":[78],"scaling":[81],"technique":[82],"feature":[84],"selection":[85],"with":[86,161,183],"Chi-square":[88],"method":[89],"(selecting":[90],"20":[91],"features":[92],"out":[93],"43),":[95],"as":[96,98,164,166],"well":[97],"Oversampling":[100],"address":[102],"class":[103],"imbalance.":[104],"Experimental":[105],"evaluations":[106],"utilize":[107],"a":[108],"group":[109],"classification":[111],"metrics":[112,138,184],"evaluate":[114],"effectiveness":[116,194],"models.":[118],"received":[120],"scores":[121],"demonstrated":[122,158],"that":[123],"ensemble":[124,196],"models,":[125],"specifically":[126],"Forest":[128],"significantly":[131],"outperformed":[132],"other":[133],"classifiers,":[134],"achieving":[135],"nearly":[136],"perfect":[137],"0.999,":[140],"which":[141],"reflects":[142],"their":[143],"exceptional":[144],"capability":[145],"generalize":[147],"across":[148],"diverse":[149],"attack":[150],"types.":[151],"In":[152],"contrast,":[153],"Machine":[157],"limited":[159],"effectiveness,":[160],"an":[162],"accuracy":[163],"low":[165],"0.794,":[167],"indicating":[168],"its":[169],"relative":[170],"inefficiency":[171],"in":[172,198,210],"this":[173],"scenario.":[174],"Deep":[175],"models":[177],"have":[178],"consistently":[179],"shown":[180],"strong":[181],"ranging":[185],"from":[186],"0.924":[187],"0.949.":[189],"highlights":[192],"techniques":[197],"cybersecurity":[199],"threat":[200],"classification,":[201],"offering":[202],"valuable":[203],"insights":[204],"enhancing":[206],"proactive":[207],"defense":[208],"mechanisms":[209],"network":[211],"security":[212],"systems":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2025-11-05T00:00:00"}