{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415904530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114525105588","title":"Creatine supplementation for treating symptoms of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Creatine supplementation for treating symptoms of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415904530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114525105588","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41189312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007114525105588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114525105588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114525105588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4218381","display_name":"British Journal Of Nutrition","issn_l":"0007-1145","issn":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Nutrition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046686460","display_name":"Igor da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Eckert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-9059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-9059"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Igor Eckert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Scholar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil","Independent Scholar, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-9059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Scholar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Scholar, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052010335","display_name":"J\u00falia Lima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-3256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-3256"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00falia Lima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-3256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079716728","display_name":"Andressa Amaral Dariva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2003-0162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2003-0162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andressa Amaral Dariva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046686460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4805,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51691607,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"134","issue":"11","first_page":"947","last_page":"959"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11337","display_name":"Tryptophan and brain disorders","score":0.021199999377131462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2803","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13090","display_name":"Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creatine-supplementation","display_name":"creatine supplementation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depressive-symptoms","display_name":"depressive symptoms","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutritional-psychiatry","display_name":"nutritional psychiatry","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutraceuticals","display_name":"nutraceuticals","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remission","display_name":"remission","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-response","display_name":"treatment response","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamilton-depression-rating-scale","display_name":"Hamilton Depression Rating Scale","score":0.8220000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7947999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.7854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779896295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223600","display_name":"Creatine","level":2,"score":0.7565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.5281000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5117999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105054674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707381","display_name":"Mean difference","level":3,"score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018989441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Quality of evidence","level":3,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28804328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623693","display_name":"Strictly standardized mean difference","level":3,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910054578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223600","display_name":"Creatine Monohydrate","level":4,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203092338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863","display_name":"Clinical endpoint","level":3,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187960798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631152","display_name":"Subgroup analysis","level":3,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148482608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007018","display_name":"Clinical study design","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780051608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42844","display_name":"Major depressive disorder","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780439572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919364","display_name":"Publication bias","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003401","descriptor_name":"Creatine","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003401","descriptor_name":"Creatine","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016032","descriptor_name":"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019587","descriptor_name":"Dietary Supplements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007114525105588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114525105588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114525105588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4218381","display_name":"British Journal Of Nutrition","issn_l":"0007-1145","issn":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Nutrition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41189312","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41189312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of nutrition","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320273","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322987","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1784175517","https://openalex.org/W1977670030","https://openalex.org/W2002132341","https://openalex.org/W2033299442","https://openalex.org/W2041174073","https://openalex.org/W2072183485","https://openalex.org/W2072529815","https://openalex.org/W2072619571","https://openalex.org/W2076413986","https://openalex.org/W2104675861","https://openalex.org/W2107328434","https://openalex.org/W2139463702","https://openalex.org/W2143531665","https://openalex.org/W2152699744","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2345186616","https://openalex.org/W2464924628","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2570555403","https://openalex.org/W2736236310","https://openalex.org/W2744896823","https://openalex.org/W2770274569","https://openalex.org/W2889634145","https://openalex.org/W2899390091","https://openalex.org/W2941712321","https://openalex.org/W2969637735","https://openalex.org/W2983079501","https://openalex.org/W3015003683","https://openalex.org/W3022294447","https://openalex.org/W3046070541","https://openalex.org/W3088502367","https://openalex.org/W3102486286","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3211237992","https://openalex.org/W4205208574","https://openalex.org/W4297995058","https://openalex.org/W4303940612","https://openalex.org/W4323665219","https://openalex.org/W4360803619","https://openalex.org/W4382181834","https://openalex.org/W4389097280","https://openalex.org/W4391179524","https://openalex.org/W4396560478","https://openalex.org/W4403450733","https://openalex.org/W4403976315","https://openalex.org/W4405216799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403976315","https://openalex.org/W4403450733","https://openalex.org/W2889634145","https://openalex.org/W2969637735","https://openalex.org/W2152699744","https://openalex.org/W2072183485","https://openalex.org/W4411945410","https://openalex.org/W4404442033","https://openalex.org/W3003159546","https://openalex.org/W7204193861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Nutraceuticals":[1],"are":[2,244,254],"increasingly":[3],"of":[4,42,47,75,85,91,113,124,142],"interest":[5],"in":[6,14,63,163],"nutritional":[7],"psychiatry,":[8],"where":[9],"creatine":[10,43,60,212],"has":[11],"been":[12,30],"investigated":[13],"several":[15],"randomised":[16,252],"trials":[17,58,105,253],"for":[18,57,178,183,196,218],"its":[19],"effects":[20,41,160,224],"on":[21,45,130,240],"depressive":[22],"symptoms.":[23],"However,":[24],"these":[25,242],"findings":[26,209],"have":[27],"not":[28,195,226],"yet":[29],"systematically":[31],"synthesised.":[32],"We":[33],"conducted":[34,81],"a":[35,109,215],"systematic":[36],"review":[37],"to":[38,54,127,256],"assess":[39],"the":[40,131,138,230],"supplementation":[44],"symptoms":[46],"depression.":[48,68],"Four":[49],"databases":[50],"were":[51,80,181,225],"searched":[52],"up":[53],"February":[55],"2025":[56],"comparing":[59],"with":[61,65,100,220],"placebo":[62],"individuals":[64,219],"or":[66,236],"without":[67],"Study":[69],"selection,":[70],"data":[71],"extraction":[72],"and":[73,83,95,150,169,229],"risk":[74],"bias":[76,174],"assessment":[77],"(RoB":[78],"2)":[79],"independently,":[82],"certainty":[84],"evidence":[86,239],"was":[87,152],"evaluated":[88],"using":[89],"Grading":[90],"Recommendations,":[92],"Assessment,":[93],"Development":[94],"Evaluation":[96],"(GRADE).":[97],"Random-effects":[98],"meta-analyses":[99],"Hartung\u2013Knapp\u2013Sidik\u2013Jonkman":[101],"adjustment":[102],"including":[103],"eleven":[104],"(1093":[106],"participants)":[107],"found":[108],"standardised":[110],"mean":[111],"difference":[112,141],"\u22120\u00b734":[114],"(95":[115],"%":[116,190,204],"CI":[117,145,191,205],"\u22120\u00b768,":[118],"\u22120\u00b700;":[119],"GRADE:":[120],"very":[121,247],"low":[122],"quality":[123],"evidence),":[125],"equivalent":[126],"2\u00b72":[128],"points":[129],"seventeen-item":[132],"Hamilton":[133],"Depression":[134],"Rating":[135],"Scale,":[136],"below":[137],"minimal":[139],"important":[140,148,228],"3\u00b70":[143],"points.":[144],"include":[146],"non-clinically":[147],"effects,":[149],"heterogeneity":[151],"substantial":[153,173],"(I":[154],"2":[155],"=":[156],"71\u00b73":[157],"%).":[158],"While":[159],"appeared":[161],"larger":[162],"clinically":[164,227],"depressed":[165],"populations,":[166],"subgroup":[167],"analyses":[168],"trim-and-fill":[170],"adjustments":[171],"indicated":[172],"favouring":[175],"creatine.":[176],"Results":[177],"secondary":[179],"endpoints":[180],"significant":[182],"remission":[184],"(three":[185],"trials,":[186,200],"OR":[187,201],"3\u00b760;":[188],"95":[189,203],"1\u00b776,":[192],"7\u00b756),":[193],"but":[194,222],"treatment":[197],"response":[198],"(two":[199],"0\u00b772;":[202],"0\u00b728,":[206],"1\u00b788).":[207],"Our":[208],"suggest":[210],"that":[211],"may":[213,233],"offer":[214],"small-to-moderate":[216],"benefit":[217],"depression,":[221],"average":[223],"true":[231],"effect":[232],"be":[234],"trivial":[235],"null.":[237],"The":[238],"which":[241],"results":[243],"based":[245],"is":[246],"uncertain.":[248],"Larger,":[249],"more":[250],"rigorous":[251],"required":[255],"draw":[257],"definitive":[258],"conclusions.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-11-05T00:00:00"}
