{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415823960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","title":"The testing effect occurs with both coherent and incoherent text material","display_name":"The testing effect occurs with both coherent and incoherent text material","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415823960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061763840","display_name":"Ralf Rummer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-0925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-0925"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Rummer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021173327","display_name":"Luise Ende","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-0901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-0901"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luise Ende","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-0901","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047693990","display_name":"Sarah Glim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-2264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-2264"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Glim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-2264","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120236565","display_name":"Vivien Blumentritt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivien Blumentritt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115784084","display_name":"Annika Lenk-Blochowitz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annika Lenk-Blochowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030758637","display_name":"Judith Schweppe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-3072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-3072"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Schweppe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testing-effect","display_name":"testing effect","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-complexity","display_name":"text complexity","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expository-texts","display_name":"expository texts","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practice-tests","display_name":"practice tests","score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restudying","display_name":"restudying","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-answer-questions","display_name":"short-answer questions","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-delay","display_name":"test delay","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-replication","display_name":"conceptual replication","score":0.5709999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4936999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40696583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989120","display_name":"Type I and type II errors","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183905921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038757","display_name":"Multiple comparisons problem","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:35419bbd-16ab-416b-a470-d4d6d1ae77a3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/d7pcx","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7pcx_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128915986","https://openalex.org/W1964950966","https://openalex.org/W3213842128","https://openalex.org/W2233101143","https://openalex.org/W1970007127","https://openalex.org/W3198988614","https://openalex.org/W2809431119","https://openalex.org/W2120377251","https://openalex.org/W2006856585","https://openalex.org/W7100101451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"For":[1,93],"the":[2,10,24,47,101,119,159,191,205,225,237],"last":[3],"decade":[4],"it":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"discussed":[8],"whether":[9],"complexity":[11,173,192,221],"of":[12,16,28,33,50,78,96,109,122,158],"learning":[13,183,206],"materials":[14],"(e.g.,":[15],"expository":[17,80],"texts)":[18],"posits":[19],"a":[20,58,63,69,94,134,180,199,213],"boundary":[21],"condition":[22,184],"for":[23,57,68],"testing":[25,51,102,141,214,238],"effect.":[26],"One":[27],"few":[29],"studies":[30],"in":[31,62,73,114,152,182,246],"favor":[32],"this":[34],"assumption":[35],"was":[36,217],"published":[37],"by":[38],"de":[39,166],"Jonge":[40,167],"and":[41,89,112,185],"colleagues":[42],"(2015).":[43],"They":[44],"showed":[45],"that":[46,100,236],"long-term":[48],"benefit":[49],"compared":[52],"to":[53,243],"restudying":[54],"occurred":[55],"only":[56],"low-complexity":[59],"(incoherent,":[60],"sentences":[61,72],"scrambled":[64],"order)":[65,76],"but":[66],"not":[67,241],"high-complexity":[70],"(coherent,":[71],"an":[74,79],"inferential":[75],"version":[77],"text.":[81],"A":[82],"fill-in-the-blank":[83],"test":[84,88,187,226],"served":[85],"as":[86,140],"practice":[87],"dependent":[90],"variable.":[91],"Aims:":[92],"number":[95],"reasons,":[97],"we":[98,117,132,189,211,234],"assumed":[99],"effect":[103,215,239],"can":[104],"be":[105],"found":[106,212],"with":[107,125,137],"text":[108,172,220],"both":[110],"high":[111],"low":[113,245],"complexity.":[115,247],"Therefore,":[116],"replicated":[118],"critical":[120],"conditions":[121],"their":[123],"Experiments":[124],"more":[126],"power":[127],"(Experiment":[128,143],"1).":[129],"In":[130,146],"addition,":[131],"ran":[133],"conceptual":[135],"replication":[136],"short-answer":[138],"questions":[139],"procedure":[142],"2).":[144],"Sample:":[145],"Experiment":[147,153],"1":[148],"participated":[149],"111":[150],"subjects,":[151],"2":[154],"117":[155],"subjects.":[156],"Most":[157],"participants":[160],"were":[161],"university":[162],"students.":[163],"Method:":[164],"While":[165],"et":[168],"al.":[169],"(2015)":[170],"manipulated":[171,190],"across":[174],"two":[175],"different":[176],"experiments,":[177],"each":[178],"containing":[179],"variation":[181],"final":[186],"delay,":[188],"within":[193],"one":[194],"experiment":[195],"focusing":[196],"solely":[197],"on":[198,231],"one-week":[200],"delay":[201],"(and":[202,222],"also":[203],"varying":[204],"condition).":[207],"Results:":[208],"As":[209],"expected,":[210],"which":[216],"independent":[218],"from":[219,224],"independently":[223],"type":[227],"used).":[228],"Conclusions:":[229],"Based":[230],"these":[232],"results,":[233],"conclude":[235],"is":[240],"restricted":[242],"texts":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}
