{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415763877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","title":"A review of probabilistic resource adequacy assessments in power systems: Methods, applications, and future challenges","display_name":"A review of probabilistic resource adequacy assessments in power systems: Methods, applications, and future challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415763877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175056054","display_name":"Energy Policy","issn_l":"0301-4215","issn":["0301-4215","1873-6777"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094227946","display_name":"Marius Tillmanns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5387-0096","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5387-0096"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Tillmanns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Energy System Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustra\u00dfe 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5387-0096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Energy System Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustra\u00dfe 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123551725","display_name":"Johannes Alois Sch\u00f6ttler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5634-7914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5634-7914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Sch\u00f6ttler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Energy System Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustra\u00dfe 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5634-7914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Energy System Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustra\u00dfe 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043205343","display_name":"Aaron Praktiknjo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2151-4241","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2151-4241"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Praktiknjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Energy System Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustra\u00dfe 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2151-4241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Energy System Economics, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustra\u00dfe 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043205343","https://openalex.org/A5094227946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":3940,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3940},"apc_paid":{"value":3940,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3940},"fwci":7.7739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97927674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"209","issue":null,"first_page":"114924","last_page":"114924"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.031599998474121094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-reliability","display_name":"power system reliability","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-integration","display_name":"renewable energy integration","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-mode-failures","display_name":"common mode failures","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-monte-carlo","display_name":"sequential Monte Carlo","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-commitment","display_name":"unit commitment","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-dispatch","display_name":"economic dispatch","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacity-expansion-planning","display_name":"capacity expansion planning","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-threshold","display_name":"reliability threshold","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-forecasting","display_name":"load forecasting","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"energy storage","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-side-flexibility","display_name":"demand-side flexibility","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sector-coupling","display_name":"sector coupling","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-design","display_name":"market design","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-correlation","display_name":"uncertainty correlation","score":0.3490000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5981000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73722673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082833","display_name":"Probabilistic risk assessment","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175056054","display_name":"Energy Policy","issn_l":"0301-4215","issn":["0301-4215","1873-6777"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:1020703","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1020703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy policy 209(Part A), 114924 (2026). doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924 special issue: \"Next level of security of supply: a resilience strategy for the energy transition / Edited by: Dr. Cordula Kropp, Dr. Patrick Jochem, Dr. Kai Hufendiek, Dr. Frithjof\"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175056054","display_name":"Energy Policy","issn_l":"0301-4215","issn":["0301-4215","1873-6777"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8485000133514404,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1120353781","https://openalex.org/W1599853693","https://openalex.org/W1974855327","https://openalex.org/W1975082752","https://openalex.org/W2013168395","https://openalex.org/W2040103151","https://openalex.org/W2044005689","https://openalex.org/W2044963328","https://openalex.org/W2050224734","https://openalex.org/W2073311104","https://openalex.org/W2077021729","https://openalex.org/W2079358835","https://openalex.org/W2079591656","https://openalex.org/W2082445369","https://openalex.org/W2087482637","https://openalex.org/W2088498237","https://openalex.org/W2118097396","https://openalex.org/W2132664787","https://openalex.org/W2146400504","https://openalex.org/W2178655576","https://openalex.org/W2287783557","https://openalex.org/W2327176016","https://openalex.org/W2616009825","https://openalex.org/W2740893394","https://openalex.org/W2765145450","https://openalex.org/W2788431642","https://openalex.org/W2790287370","https://openalex.org/W2793923452","https://openalex.org/W2894188094","https://openalex.org/W2918011718","https://openalex.org/W2941965780","https://openalex.org/W2958686517","https://openalex.org/W2996412301","https://openalex.org/W3003490881","https://openalex.org/W3008265753","https://openalex.org/W3026054115","https://openalex.org/W3036252434","https://openalex.org/W3046994390","https://openalex.org/W3047796665","https://openalex.org/W3085503373","https://openalex.org/W3096250835","https://openalex.org/W3108965929","https://openalex.org/W3136833050","https://openalex.org/W3156274643","https://openalex.org/W3165632413","https://openalex.org/W3171186964","https://openalex.org/W3194147704","https://openalex.org/W3198158479","https://openalex.org/W3208704748","https://openalex.org/W3208746126","https://openalex.org/W3213081132","https://openalex.org/W4200126963","https://openalex.org/W4298013033","https://openalex.org/W4307735163","https://openalex.org/W4310075160","https://openalex.org/W4316672808","https://openalex.org/W4320012098","https://openalex.org/W4380355068","https://openalex.org/W4382935369","https://openalex.org/W4384831936","https://openalex.org/W4385819846","https://openalex.org/W4386056833","https://openalex.org/W4386889895","https://openalex.org/W4388887481","https://openalex.org/W4389469640","https://openalex.org/W4391554387","https://openalex.org/W4392639237","https://openalex.org/W4395671125","https://openalex.org/W4396241533","https://openalex.org/W4400986277","https://openalex.org/W4401259041","https://openalex.org/W4403304187","https://openalex.org/W4403482781","https://openalex.org/W4404391827","https://openalex.org/W4405885664","https://openalex.org/W4407120618","https://openalex.org/W4407625637","https://openalex.org/W4409229859","https://openalex.org/W4411301667","https://openalex.org/W4411586484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382894448","https://openalex.org/W4287866979","https://openalex.org/W4307735163","https://openalex.org/W7214899624","https://openalex.org/W4310632859","https://openalex.org/W7221827293","https://openalex.org/W4405033298","https://openalex.org/W2028745513","https://openalex.org/W4417169237","https://openalex.org/W2062919717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31],"increasing":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,26,50,68,89,153,199,249],"renewable":[4],"energy":[5],"sources,":[6],"storage,":[7],"demand-side":[8],"flexibility,":[9],"and":[10,16,43,53,61,76,101,107,143,157,172,185,195,204,217,225,234,242],"sector":[11],"coupling":[12],"introduces":[13],"significant":[14],"complexities":[15],"uncertainties":[17],"into":[18,211],"modern":[19,125],"power":[20,70,127,252],"systems,":[21],"reshaping":[22],"the":[23,48,55,66,130,145,151,246],"very":[24],"nature":[25],"resource":[27,155],"adequacy":[28,152],"(RA)":[29],"assessments.":[30],"growing":[32],"sensitivity":[33],"to":[34,57,65,72,237],"correlated":[35],"weather-events":[36],"such":[37],"as":[38],"heatwaves,":[39],"droughts,":[40],"severe":[41],"storms,":[42],"abrupt":[44],"cold":[45],"snaps":[46],"heightens":[47],"likelihood":[49],"common-mode":[51],"failures":[52],"amplifies":[54],"imperative":[56],"revisit":[58],"RA":[59,63,91,123,212,240],"methodologies":[60],"frameworks.":[62,115],"refers":[64],"ability":[67],"a":[69,86],"system":[71,131,146,243],"reliably":[73],"supply":[74],"present":[75],"projected":[77,154],"electricity":[78,214],"demand":[79,215],"levels":[80],"under":[81,139],"uncertainty.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"presents":[85],"thorough":[87],"review":[88],"probabilistic":[90,239],"approaches,":[92],"spanning":[93],"analytical":[94],"capacity-balance":[95],"methods,":[96],"non-sequential":[97],"Monte":[98,113],"Carlo":[99,114],"simulations,":[100],"optimization":[102],"models":[103],"for":[104,121,245],"unit":[105],"commitment":[106],"economic":[108,162],"dispatch":[109],"embedded":[110],"in":[111,124],"sequential":[112],"We":[116,188],"contrast":[117],"two":[118],"overarching":[119],"paradigms":[120],"assessing":[122],"interconnected":[126,251],"systems:":[128],"(1)":[129],"planning":[132,244],"approach,":[133,148],"which":[134,149],"iteratively":[135],"optimizes":[136],"capacity":[137],"expansion":[138],"exogenous":[140],"reliability":[141,159],"targets;":[142],"(2)":[144],"evaluation":[147],"evaluates":[150],"portfolios":[156],"derives":[158],"thresholds":[160],"via":[161],"trade-offs.":[163],"Drawing":[164],"on":[165],"examples":[166],"from":[167],"NERC's":[168],"Long-Term":[169],"Reliability":[170],"Assessment":[171,177],"ACER's":[173],"European":[174],"Resource":[175],"Adequacy":[176],",":[178],"we":[179,229],"summarize":[180],"key":[181],"metrics,":[182],"regional":[183],"standards,":[184],"best-practice":[186],"implementations.":[187],"then":[189],"identify":[190],"prevailing":[191],"challenges\u2014including":[192],"multi-dimensional":[193],"uncertainty":[194],"correlation,":[196],"time-coupled":[197],"operations":[198],"energy-limited":[200],"resources,":[201],"market":[202],"design":[203],"network":[205],"representation,":[206],"incorporating":[207],"load":[208],"shortfall":[209],"characteristics":[210],"frameworks,":[213],"forecasting,":[216],"advanced":[218],"acceleration":[219],"techniques\u2014and":[220],"highlight":[221],"recent":[222],"methodological":[223],"advances":[224],"research":[226,232],"gaps.":[227],"Finally,":[228],"propose":[230],"future":[231],"directions":[233],"policy":[235],"recommendations":[236],"strengthen":[238],"frameworks":[241],"evolving":[247],"landscape":[248],"large-scale,":[250],"systems.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2025-11-01T00:00:00"}