{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415760133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","title":"Evaluation of the Dilution Effect of Respiratory Specimen Pooling on the Sensitivity of SARS-COV 2 RT-PCR Tests","display_name":"Evaluation of the Dilution Effect of Respiratory Specimen Pooling on the Sensitivity of SARS-COV 2 RT-PCR Tests","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415760133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219243","display_name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","issn_l":"0975-9506","issn":["0975-9506","2961-6093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Priyanka Saha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130977","display_name":"College of Medicine & JNM Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03v372z22","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kuhu Pal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130977","display_name":"College of Medicine & JNM Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03v372z22","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuhu Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor and HOD , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor and HOD , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102441893","display_name":"Srijita Ghosh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68428275","display_name":"Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata","ror":"https://ror.org/021nb2v44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I226431899","https://openalex.org/I68428275"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srijita Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Demonstrator , Department of Microbiology , Medical College , Kolkata"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Demonstrator , Department of Microbiology , Medical College , Kolkata","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68428275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071674841","display_name":"Retina Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-6596","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-6596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130977","display_name":"College of Medicine & JNM Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03v372z22","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Retina Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Satakshi Basu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130977","display_name":"College of Medicine & JNM Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03v372z22","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satakshi Basu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Biologist , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Biologist , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Arpita Sinha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130977","display_name":"College of Medicine & JNM Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03v372z22","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpita Sinha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Demonstrator , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Demonstrator , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joydeep Karmakar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130977","display_name":"College of Medicine & JNM Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03v372z22","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joydeep Karmakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Biologist , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Biologist , Department of Microbiology , College of Medicine and JNM Hospital , Kalyani , West Bengal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130977"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11970","display_name":"Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-pooling","display_name":"sample pooling","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-effect","display_name":"dilution effect","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycle-threshold","display_name":"cycle threshold","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gene","display_name":"N gene","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orf1ab-gene","display_name":"ORF1ab gene","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-infection-surveillance","display_name":"hospital infection surveillance","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-testing","display_name":"diagnostic testing","score":0.3109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.8015000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3028008","display_name":"Dilution","level":2,"score":0.6425999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6381000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64413873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21005","display_name":"Threshold limit value","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112190416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2124450","display_name":"RNA extraction","level":4,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219243","display_name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","issn_l":"0975-9506","issn":["0975-9506","2961-6093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.16.7.09","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219243","display_name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","issn_l":"0975-9506","issn":["0975-9506","2961-6093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415760133.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415760133.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1703839189","https://openalex.org/W3080541874","https://openalex.org/W3083372063","https://openalex.org/W3095178570","https://openalex.org/W3096956107","https://openalex.org/W4361209822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177332436","https://openalex.org/W3084905509","https://openalex.org/W4200230987","https://openalex.org/W4292976622","https://openalex.org/W3202993215","https://openalex.org/W3025634934","https://openalex.org/W4283167176","https://openalex.org/W3023623585","https://openalex.org/W3146768212","https://openalex.org/W4402580424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"The":[1],"Covid-19":[2],"pandemic":[3],"affects":[4],"worldwide":[5],"health":[6,306],"and":[7,26,84,111,125,166,180,204,240,246,335],"causes":[8],"economic":[9],"disasters.":[10],"Testing":[11],"sample":[12,243],"in":[13,34,56,244,326,344],"pool":[14,75,117,157,162,171,231,239,242,278,282],"is":[15,67,254,268],"the":[16,35,42,89,98,106,255,319],"best":[17,256],"strategy":[18,257],"for":[19,77,152,163],"surveillance.":[20],"Pooling":[21],"of":[22,29,37,59,88,101,103,108,115,120,129,156,187,197,215,225,266,286,293,308,332,349],"samples":[23,104,131],"reduces":[24],"cost":[25],"turn-around":[27],"time":[28],"RT-PCR":[30,71],"test":[31,79],"if":[32],"done":[33,176],"setting":[36],"low":[38],"prevalence.":[39],"But":[40],"at":[41],"same":[43],"time,":[44],"it":[45,66,317],"may":[46],"give":[47],"false":[48],"negative":[49],"results":[50],"due":[51],"to":[52,96,139,237,258,321],"dilution":[53,99],"effect,":[54],"especially":[55,325],"higher":[57],"range":[58,128],"cycle":[60],"threshold":[61,136],"value":[62,114,147,207,221],"(Ct":[63],"value).":[64],"So,":[65],"recommended":[68],"that":[69,119],"every":[70,333,336,350],"laboratory":[72],"should":[73,341],"optimize":[74],"size":[76,279],"improving":[78],"output":[80],"utilizing":[81],"minimum":[82],"resources":[83],"without":[85],"compromising":[86],"sensitivity":[87,107,234,292],"test.":[90],"Aim:":[91],"Current":[92,288],"study":[93,273,289],"was":[94,175],"conducted":[95],"evaluate":[97],"effect":[100,214],"pooling":[102,216],"on":[105,339],"RTPCR":[109],"Test":[110],"compare":[112],"Ct":[113,146,206,220],"positive":[116,122,130,148,202],"with":[118,229,283],"individual":[121],"sample.":[123],"Materials":[124],"Methods:":[126],"Wide":[127],"starting":[132],"from":[133,219],"highest":[134],"Cycle":[135],"value(Ct)":[137],"35":[138],"lowest":[140],"15(":[141],"i.e.":[142],"21":[143],"sets":[144,155],"different":[145,154],"specimen)":[149],"were":[150,200,217],"tested":[151,201],"7":[153],"such":[158],"as":[159,263],"3,5,10,15,20,25,30":[160],"specimen":[161,227,281],"each":[164],"gene(N":[165],"ORF1":[167],"ab)":[168],"separately.":[169],"After":[170],"formation":[172],"RNA":[173],"extraction":[174,182,211,248,298],"by":[177,185,191,209],"both":[178,198,210],"manual":[179,245,297],"automated":[181,247,294],"method":[183,249],"followed":[184],"detection":[186],"COVID-19":[188,267,300],"target":[189],"gene":[190],"RT-qPCR.":[192],"Results:":[193],"All":[194],"pooled":[195,226],"specimens":[196],"genes":[199],"until":[203],"below":[205],"24":[208],"methods.":[212],"Dilution":[213],"noticed":[218],"25":[222],"upwards.":[223],"Sensitivity":[224],"decreases":[228],"increasing":[230],"size.":[232],"100%":[233],"observed":[235,291],"up":[236,270],"10":[238],"15":[241],"respectively.":[250],"Conclusion:":[251],"Pool":[252],"testing":[253],"carry":[259],"out":[260],"population-wide":[261],"surveillance":[262,331],"new":[264,337],"variant":[265],"coming":[269],"frequently.":[271],"Our":[272],"indicates":[274],"we":[275],"can":[276],"increase":[277],"upto15":[280],"minimal":[284],"loss":[285],"sensitivity.":[287],"also":[290],"extractor":[295],"outweighs":[296],"method.":[299],"no":[301],"longer":[302],"constitutes":[303],"a":[304,313],"public":[305],"emergency":[307],"international":[309],"concern":[310],"but":[311],"being":[312],"highly":[314],"contagious":[315],"disease,":[316],"has":[318],"potential":[320],"cause":[322],"rapid":[323],"outbreak":[324],"healthcare":[327],"settings.":[328],"So":[329],"periodic":[330],"ward":[334],"patient":[338],"admission":[340],"be":[342],"incorporated":[343],"Hospital":[345],"infection":[346],"control":[347],"programme":[348],"Health":[351],"care":[352],"setting.":[353]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-11-01T00:00:00"}