{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415744486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012","title":"A Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) System for Supporting Architectural Design of Intelligent Transportation Systems","display_name":"A Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) System for Supporting Architectural Design of Intelligent Transportation Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415744486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608085","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security Companion (QRS-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05118114v1/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073147712","display_name":"Afef Awadid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7525-613X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7525-613X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018083178","display_name":"Institut de Recherche Technologique SystemX","ror":"https://ror.org/03crmsn52","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afef Awadid","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT SystemX,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT SystemX,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119899902","display_name":"Mateo Becquart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018083178","display_name":"Institut de Recherche Technologique SystemX","ror":"https://ror.org/03crmsn52","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mateo Becquart","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT SystemX,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT SystemX,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093106827","display_name":"Maxence Gagnant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9395-1851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9395-1851"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018083178","display_name":"Institut de Recherche Technologique SystemX","ror":"https://ror.org/03crmsn52","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxence Gagnant","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT SystemX,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT SystemX,France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Meyer-Vitali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Meyer-Vitali","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI),Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5946,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84605396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.5878999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.5878999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1923000067472458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.050700001418590546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-augmented-generation","display_name":"retrieval-augmented generation","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-systems","display_name":"intelligent transportation systems","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-architecture","display_name":"reference architecture","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7127000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6877999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6621999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5260999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72280835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635346","display_name":"Architectural pattern","level":5,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984241579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323611","display_name":"Architectural design","level":3,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608085","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security Companion (QRS-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05118114v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05118114","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05118114v1/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security (QRS), Jul 2025, Hangzhou, China","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05118114v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05118114","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05118114v1/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security (QRS), Jul 2025, Hangzhou, China","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.47999998927116394}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415744486.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415744486.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151081935","https://openalex.org/W2111688141","https://openalex.org/W2493254464","https://openalex.org/W3013382035","https://openalex.org/W3215183150","https://openalex.org/W4376142141","https://openalex.org/W4378383736","https://openalex.org/W4379507652","https://openalex.org/W4386375322","https://openalex.org/W4387390364","https://openalex.org/W4388208052","https://openalex.org/W4389362511","https://openalex.org/W4391155766","https://openalex.org/W4392560337","https://openalex.org/W4392773006","https://openalex.org/W4393147129","https://openalex.org/W4394790048","https://openalex.org/W4398243240","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4401459648","https://openalex.org/W4402683730","https://openalex.org/W4403435559","https://openalex.org/W4403447141","https://openalex.org/W4403713442","https://openalex.org/W4404783220","https://openalex.org/W4405354744","https://openalex.org/W4405655184","https://openalex.org/W4405818066","https://openalex.org/W4406771321","https://openalex.org/W4406838630","https://openalex.org/W4408119901","https://openalex.org/W4409023601","https://openalex.org/W4411630045","https://openalex.org/W4413147844","https://openalex.org/W4415124086","https://openalex.org/W6947991961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417077422","https://openalex.org/W4406743696","https://openalex.org/W2147122060","https://openalex.org/W7116690273","https://openalex.org/W658032145","https://openalex.org/W2539167908","https://openalex.org/W7165853311","https://openalex.org/W640182913","https://openalex.org/W574014638","https://openalex.org/W7065130090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"Transportation":[1],"Systems":[2],"(ITS),":[3],"which":[4],"encompass":[5],"a":[6,61,121],"wide":[7],"range":[8],"of":[9,42,80,104,115],"transportation":[10],"applications":[11],"leveraging":[12],"communication":[13],"and":[14,20,34,92],"information":[15],"technologies":[16],"(e.g.,":[17],"sensors,":[18],"identifiers,":[19],"detectors),":[21],"are":[22,158],"rapidly":[23],"expanding":[24],"to":[25,67,150],"meet":[26],"the":[27,39,52,78,96,102,105,112,116],"growing":[28],"demand":[29],"for":[30,48],"safer,":[31],"more":[32],"efficient,":[33],"sustainable":[35],"mobility":[36],"solutions.":[37],"However,":[38],"architectural":[40,73],"design":[41],"these":[43],"systems":[44],"remains":[45],"challenging,":[46],"particularly":[47],"designers":[49],"unfamiliar":[50],"with":[51,134,148],"ITS":[53,72,89],"domain.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"this":[57,108],"issue,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"Retrieval-Augmented":[62],"Generation":[63],"(RAG)":[64],"system":[65,117],"designed":[66],"provide":[68],"automated":[69],"assistance":[70,156],"in":[71,144],"design.":[74],"Our":[75],"approach":[76],"leverages":[77],"capabilities":[79],"Large":[81],"Language":[82],"Models":[83],"(LLMs)":[84],"while":[85],"integrating":[86],"knowledge":[87],"from":[88],"reference":[90],"architectures\u2014established":[91],"validated":[93],"frameworks.":[94],"As":[95],"end":[97],"system's":[98,154],"reliability":[99],"depends":[100],"on":[101,111],"relevance":[103],"retrieved":[106],"documents,":[107],"paper":[109],"focuses":[110],"retrieval":[113,123],"stage":[114],"pipeline":[118],"by":[119],"introducing":[120],"filtering-based":[122],"method.":[124],"We":[125],"evaluate":[126],"its":[127],"performance":[128],"across":[129],"8":[130],"light":[131],"open-source":[132],"LLMs,":[133],"results":[135],"indicating":[136],"that":[137],"Mistral":[138],"Small":[139],"3":[140],"outperforms":[141],"other":[142],"models":[143],"retrieving":[145],"relevant":[146],"documents":[147],"respect":[149],"user":[151],"queries.":[152],"The":[153],"provided":[155],"levels":[157],"exemplified.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-31T00:00:00"}