{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415716682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","title":"From ANI to AGI to ASI: A Comprehensive Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Pathways","display_name":"From ANI to AGI to ASI: A Comprehensive Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Pathways","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415716682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114401495","display_name":"Adamu Gaston Philipo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2997-2990","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2997-2990"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adamu Gaston Philipo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101561285","display_name":"Jianguo Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-4665","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-4665"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102790255","display_name":"Huansheng Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6413-193X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6413-193X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huansheng Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6413-193X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14381","display_name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience","score":0.5835000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14381","display_name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience","score":0.5835000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.382099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-narrow-intelligence","display_name":"artificial narrow intelligence","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"artificial general intelligence","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superintelligence","display_name":"superintelligence","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"AI evolution","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-safety","display_name":"AI safety","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-alignment","display_name":"value alignment","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-ethics","display_name":"AI ethics","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-autonomy","display_name":"AI autonomy","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-reasoning","display_name":"AI reasoning","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-applications","display_name":"artificial intelligence applications","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsible-ai","display_name":"responsible AI","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.24490000307559967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.24300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23819999396800995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2337000072002411}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.176187006.60050721/v1","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415716682.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415716682.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2270696664","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2966710062","https://openalex.org/W2984217758","https://openalex.org/W3037207827","https://openalex.org/W4391709502","https://openalex.org/W4406566979","https://openalex.org/W4408666899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417132851","https://openalex.org/W7114917959","https://openalex.org/W4413918657","https://openalex.org/W4407037092","https://openalex.org/W4415022821","https://openalex.org/W7155219743","https://openalex.org/W7147466728","https://openalex.org/W4411185047","https://openalex.org/W4416194670","https://openalex.org/W7171686212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,81],"field":[1],"of":[2,18,38,43,64,96,155],"Artificial":[3,45,49,54],"Intelligence":[4,47,51],"(AI)":[5],"has":[6],"undergone":[7],"substantial":[8],"advancements,":[9],"evolving":[10],"from":[11,129],"narrow,":[12],"taskbased":[13],"systems":[14],"to":[15,113,131,135,149],"the":[16,39,61,68,85,111,150],"conceptualization":[17],"intelligence":[19],"that":[20],"rivals":[21],"or":[22],"even":[23,28],"surpasses":[24],"human":[25],"levels,":[26],"and":[27,53,73,79,89,103,117,126,133,145,152],"attains":[29],"superhuman":[30],"capabilities.":[31],"This":[32,137],"study":[33,58,82,112],"presents":[34],"a":[35,124],"comprehensive":[36],"examination":[37],"three":[40],"primary":[41],"forms":[42],"AI:":[44],"Narrow":[46],"(ANI),":[48],"General":[50],"(AGI),":[52],"Superintelligence":[55],"(ASI).":[56],"delves":[59],"into":[60],"historical":[62],"evolution":[63],"these":[65],"technologies,":[66,70],"examining":[67],"enabling":[69],"key":[71],"applications,":[72],"fundamental":[74],"distinctions":[75],"in":[76,110],"adaptability,":[77],"reasoning,":[78],"autonomy.":[80],"also":[83],"addresses":[84],"major":[86],"technical,":[87],"ethical,":[88],"societal":[90],"challenges":[91],"associated":[92],"with":[93],"each":[94],"stage":[95],"AI":[97],"development,":[98],"including":[99],"safety,":[100],"value":[101],"alignment,":[102],"governance.":[104],"A":[105],"comparative":[106],"analysis":[107],"is":[108],"employed":[109],"illuminate":[114],"current":[115],"capabilities":[116],"delineate":[118],"future":[119],"research":[120],"directions":[121],"necessary":[122],"for":[123,142],"safe":[125],"aligned":[127],"transition":[128],"ANI":[130],"AGI":[132],"ultimately":[134],"ASI.":[136],"work":[138],"provides":[139],"actionable":[140],"insights":[141],"researchers,":[143],"policymakers,":[144],"industry":[146],"stakeholders":[147],"committed":[148],"sustainable":[151],"responsible":[153],"advancement":[154],"AI.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-10-31T00:00:00"}