{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415652196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","title":"Individual and well-being factors associated with social chatbot usage: A six-country study","display_name":"Individual and well-being factors associated with social chatbot usage: A six-country study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415652196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/02654075251392956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12430390","display_name":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","issn_l":"0265-4075","issn":["0265-4075","1460-3608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001737126","display_name":"Rita Latikka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-0017","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-0017"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114970","display_name":"Demos Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3cg524","country_code":"FI","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114970"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rita Latikka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Demos Helsinki","Tampere University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-0017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Demos Helsinki","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037356855","display_name":"Jenna Bergdahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7217-4159","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7217-4159"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenna Bergdahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7217-4159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007065380","display_name":"Iina Savolainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8811-965X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8811-965X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iina Savolainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8811-965X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036296303","display_name":"Magdalena Celuch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-0396","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-0396"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena Celuch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-0396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043728035","display_name":"Atte Oksanen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-5580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-5580","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4226-0905"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atte Oksanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-5580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007065380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"fwci":6.4458,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96615403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"4","first_page":"1055","last_page":"1079"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.8467000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.8467000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.06949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.022600000724196434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-chatbots","display_name":"social chatbots","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-distress","display_name":"psychological distress","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loneliness","display_name":"loneliness","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-esteem","display_name":"self-esteem","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-being","display_name":"well-being","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitudes-toward-new-technologies","display_name":"attitudes toward new technologies","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbots","display_name":"chatbots","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.7699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.9505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779998236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223270","display_name":"Loneliness","level":2,"score":0.8141999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6765000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65067816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295139","display_name":"Computer-assisted web interviewing","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778087770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111","display_name":"Social support","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776893239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778765","display_name":"Social isolation","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987946170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relationship","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21204594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921513","display_name":"Social behavior","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373833","display_name":"Empathic concern","level":4,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/02654075251392956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12430390","display_name":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","issn_l":"0265-4075","issn":["0265-4075","1460-3608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4806287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4806287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4806287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/232181","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/232181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401860","display_name":"Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150589677","host_organization_name":"Tampere University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150589677"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/02654075251392956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251392956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12430390","display_name":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","issn_l":"0265-4075","issn":["0265-4075","1460-3608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7279848599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202011325","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323433","funder_display_name":"Koneen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323433","display_name":"Koneen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/05jwty529"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552993376","https://openalex.org/W1972353358","https://openalex.org/W1977316071","https://openalex.org/W1987235421","https://openalex.org/W1994660327","https://openalex.org/W2010464257","https://openalex.org/W2017097232","https://openalex.org/W2017737164","https://openalex.org/W2043191085","https://openalex.org/W2048396937","https://openalex.org/W2081155210","https://openalex.org/W2082693504","https://openalex.org/W2101771110","https://openalex.org/W2117152544","https://openalex.org/W2122644021","https://openalex.org/W2128887760","https://openalex.org/W2492184120","https://openalex.org/W2565949081","https://openalex.org/W2759646500","https://openalex.org/W2887218930","https://openalex.org/W2890914488","https://openalex.org/W2902999784","https://openalex.org/W2922711788","https://openalex.org/W2939803556","https://openalex.org/W2955088691","https://openalex.org/W2970830907","https://openalex.org/W2974124990","https://openalex.org/W2982386365","https://openalex.org/W3000008633","https://openalex.org/W3000840260","https://openalex.org/W3003802619","https://openalex.org/W3006245018","https://openalex.org/W3021647252","https://openalex.org/W3021769827","https://openalex.org/W3022528244","https://openalex.org/W3022601137","https://openalex.org/W3088691004","https://openalex.org/W3100581793","https://openalex.org/W3121734683","https://openalex.org/W3121904437","https://openalex.org/W3125770638","https://openalex.org/W3126405950","https://openalex.org/W3154732301","https://openalex.org/W3157200701","https://openalex.org/W3162547504","https://openalex.org/W3164743056","https://openalex.org/W4200615999","https://openalex.org/W4211222200","https://openalex.org/W4224293837","https://openalex.org/W4250964346","https://openalex.org/W4289597199","https://openalex.org/W4300849908","https://openalex.org/W4313429894","https://openalex.org/W4317820250","https://openalex.org/W4318269818","https://openalex.org/W4366703942","https://openalex.org/W4375951402","https://openalex.org/W4380488472","https://openalex.org/W4384408581","https://openalex.org/W4386830688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4395096321","https://openalex.org/W7221768213","https://openalex.org/W4404814666","https://openalex.org/W7172452898","https://openalex.org/W7213979008","https://openalex.org/W4417039523","https://openalex.org/W4414229203","https://openalex.org/W7140185000","https://openalex.org/W7160758701","https://openalex.org/W7165484713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"increasing":[1],"number":[2],"of":[3,18,33,39,94,119,140],"people":[4],"are":[5,229],"engaging":[6],"with":[7,30,161,168,177,193,238],"artificial":[8],"intelligence\u2013based":[9],"conversation":[10],"agents":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,36,205],"social":[14,34,84,96,136,141,155,186,208,226,233],"chatbots.":[15],"The":[16,115,182],"aim":[17],"this":[19],"study":[20],"was":[21,158,236],"to":[22,220],"investigate":[23],"individual":[24],"characteristics":[25],"and":[26,73,102,111,132,174,176,196],"well-being":[27,222],"factors":[28],"associated":[29,160,237],"the":[31,107,120,152,165,214,224],"use":[32,235,244],"chatbots":[35,142],"a":[37],"form":[38],"friendship.":[40],"We":[41,105],"collected":[42],"cross-national":[43],"surveys":[44],"from":[45],"adults":[46],"in":[47,79,147,170,180,223,241],"Finland":[48],"(":[49,54,59,64,69,75],"N":[50,55,60,65,70,76],"=":[51,56,61,66,71,77],"1,095),":[52],"France":[53],"1,014),":[57],"Germany":[58],"900),":[62],"Ireland":[63],"588),":[67],"Italy":[68],"1,099),":[72],"Poland":[74],"967)":[78],"autumn":[80],"2023.":[81],"Measures":[82],"included":[83],"chatbot":[85,137,156,187,227,234],"usage,":[86],"general":[87],"positive":[88,250],"attitudes":[89],"toward":[90],"new":[91],"technologies,":[92],"frequency":[93],"face-to-face":[95],"contact,":[97],"psychological":[98,162,197],"distress,":[99,198],"loneliness,":[100],"self-esteem,":[101],"sociodemographic":[103],"factors.":[104],"analyzed":[106],"data":[108],"using":[109],"logistic":[110],"linear":[112],"regression":[113,153],"analyses.":[114],"results":[116,183],"showed":[117],"that":[118,185,200],"participants,":[121],"12.24%":[122],"(Finland),":[123],"14.69%":[124],"(France),":[125],"9.67%":[126],"(Germany),":[127],"8.67%":[128],"(Ireland),":[129],"17.93%":[130],"(Italy),":[131],"12.72%":[133],"(Poland)":[134],"were":[135,143],"users.":[138],"Users":[139],"younger":[144,194,211],"than":[145,249],"nonusers":[146],"all":[148],"country":[149],"samples.":[150],"In":[151],"models,":[154],"usage":[157,188,215],"positively":[159],"distress":[163],"across":[164],"six":[166],"countries,":[167],"loneliness":[169],"France,":[171,242],"Germany,":[172],"Italy,":[173],"Poland,":[175],"higher":[178,239],"self-esteem":[179,240],"France.":[181],"indicate":[184],"is":[189],"most":[190],"consistently":[191],"linked":[192],"age":[195],"suggesting":[199],"these":[201],"tools":[202,228],"may":[203,245],"serve":[204],"an":[206],"additional":[207],"resource":[209],"for":[210],"individuals.":[212],"However,":[213],"does":[216],"not":[217],"necessarily":[218],"contribute":[219],"improved":[221],"way":[225],"intended":[230],"to.":[231],"Although":[232],"their":[243],"highlight":[246],"more":[247],"negative":[248],"outcomes":[251],"overall.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-10-29T00:00:00"}