{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415569737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","title":"Ensemble learning-driven optimization of coagulant dosing for drinking water treatment plants using a scalable framework for smart and sustainable process control","display_name":"Ensemble learning-driven optimization of coagulant dosing for drinking water treatment plants using a scalable framework for smart and sustainable process control","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415569737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41161365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173943867","display_name":"Environmental Research","issn_l":"0013-9351","issn":["0013-9351","1096-0953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012934873","display_name":"Abderzak Moussouni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5147-2938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5147-2938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155582","display_name":"Centre Universitaire de Mila","ror":"https://ror.org/05s3cw058","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155582"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abderzak Moussouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center Mila, Department of Civil Engineering & Hydraulics, Environmental Engineering and Technology, LEGHYD Laboratory, 43000, Mila, Algeria. Electronic address: a.moussouni@centre-univ-mila.dz"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5147-2938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center Mila, Department of Civil Engineering & Hydraulics, Environmental Engineering and Technology, LEGHYD Laboratory, 43000, Mila, Algeria. Electronic address: a.moussouni@centre-univ-mila.dz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094235421","display_name":"Amer Zeghmar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6369-5979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6369-5979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255456","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Am\u00e9nagement du Territoire","ror":"https://ror.org/0316yyd15","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255456"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amer Zeghmar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche en Am\u00e9nagement du Territoire (CRAT), Campus Zouaghi Slimane, Route de Ain el Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria. Electronic address: amer.zeghmar@crat.dz"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche en Am\u00e9nagement du Territoire (CRAT), Campus Zouaghi Slimane, Route de Ain el Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria. Electronic address: amer.zeghmar@crat.dz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004118838","display_name":"Leila Benchaiba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153399","display_name":"University of Batna 2","ror":"https://ror.org/02yvp6477","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153399"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leila Benchaiba","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mustapha Ben Boula\u00efd Batna 2, 53 Constantine Road, Fesdis, 05078, Algeria. Electronic address: l.benchaiba@univ-batna2.dz","University of Mustapha Ben Boulaid, Batna, Algeria. Electronic address: benchaibaleila@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mustapha Ben Boula\u00efd Batna 2, 53 Constantine Road, Fesdis, 05078, Algeria. Electronic address: l.benchaiba@univ-batna2.dz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mustapha Ben Boulaid, Batna, Algeria. Electronic address: benchaibaleila@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082454975","display_name":"Aziz Maaliou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-0573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-0573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157169809","display_name":"University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene","ror":"https://ror.org/02kb89c09","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157169809"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aziz Maaliou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, LEGHYD Laboratory, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, PB 32 El-Alia. 16111, Algiers, Algeria. Electronic address: amaaliou@usthb.dz","University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, LEGHYD Laboratory, Algeria. Electronic address: amaaliou@usthb.dz"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-0573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, LEGHYD Laboratory, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, PB 32 El-Alia. 16111, Algiers, Algeria. Electronic address: amaaliou@usthb.dz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157169809"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, LEGHYD Laboratory, Algeria. Electronic address: amaaliou@usthb.dz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157169809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114377555","display_name":"Velibor Spalev\u0131\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-2909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-2909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5936373","display_name":"University of Montenegro","ror":"https://ror.org/02drrjp49","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Velibor Spalevic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, 81000, Montenegro; Geo Eco- Eco Agro (GEA), 20 Novaka Milo\u0161eva, Podgorica, 81000, Montenegro. Electronic address: velibor.spalevic@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-2909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, 81000, Montenegro; Geo Eco- Eco Agro (GEA), 20 Novaka Milo\u0161eva, Podgorica, 81000, Montenegro. Electronic address: velibor.spalevic@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015545468","display_name":"Lizny Jaufer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-439X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-439X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizny Jaufer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Minds Academy, 12 Wulfstan Way, Cambridge, CB18QH, United Kingdom; Geo Eco- Eco Agro (GEA), 20 Novaka Milo\u0161eva, Podgorica, 81000, Montenegro. Electronic address: lizny96@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Minds Academy, 12 Wulfstan Way, Cambridge, CB18QH, United Kingdom; Geo Eco- Eco Agro (GEA), 20 Novaka Milo\u0161eva, Podgorica, 81000, Montenegro. Electronic address: lizny96@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040306722","display_name":"Mohamed Ksibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5389-1773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5389-1773","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-7673"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ksibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Environmental Engineering and Ecotechnology, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, \u064cRoute de Soukra km 4 Po. Box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia. Electronic address: mohamed.ksibi@isbs.rnu.tn","Universit\u00e9 de Sfax, Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie, GEET-ENIS, Route de Soukra km 4 Po. Box 1173, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia. Electronic address: mohamed.ksibi@isbs.usf.tn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Environmental Engineering and Ecotechnology, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, \u064cRoute de Soukra km 4 Po. Box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia. Electronic address: mohamed.ksibi@isbs.rnu.tn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Sfax, Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie, GEET-ENIS, Route de Soukra km 4 Po. Box 1173, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia. Electronic address: mohamed.ksibi@isbs.usf.tn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062014504","display_name":"Fernanda Helfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-3013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-3013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernanda Helfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane South (Nathan) Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. Electronic address: f.helfer@griffith.edu.au"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-3013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane South (Nathan) Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. Electronic address: f.helfer@griffith.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012169194","display_name":"Shuraik Kader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-5327","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-5327"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuraik Kader","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane South (Nathan) Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. Electronic address: s.mohamedabdulkader@griffith.edu.au"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-5327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane South (Nathan) Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. Electronic address: s.mohamedabdulkader@griffith.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012169194"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"apc_list":{"value":3880,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3880},"apc_paid":{"value":3880,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3880},"fwci":1.8907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83230188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"288","issue":"Pt 1","first_page":"123229","last_page":"123229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11188","display_name":"Coagulation and Flocculation Studies","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11188","display_name":"Coagulation and Flocculation Studies","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14252","display_name":"Water and Wastewater Treatment","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water-treatment","display_name":"drinking water treatment","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coagulation-flocculation","display_name":"coagulation-flocculation","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"ensemble learning","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extra-trees","display_name":"extra trees","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reptree","display_name":"REPTree","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbidity","display_name":"turbidity","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality-parameters","display_name":"water quality parameters","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-use-reduction","display_name":"chemical use reduction","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support","display_name":"decision support","score":0.6650000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.5730999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.48969998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190960625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058719","display_name":"Water treatment","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64016661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898574","display_name":"Turbidity","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111687972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832131","display_name":"Raw water","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87345402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485202","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133199616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25386885","display_name":"Empirical modelling","level":2,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4891672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3995966","display_name":"Total suspended solids","level":4,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188287460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555857","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","level":3,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97053079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061108","display_name":"Water supply","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777288759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4164182","display_name":"Dosing","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098406","descriptor_name":"Ensemble Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005427","descriptor_name":"Flocculation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018508","descriptor_name":"Water Purification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060753","descriptor_name":"Water Quality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060766","descriptor_name":"Drinking Water","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173943867","display_name":"Environmental Research","issn_l":"0013-9351","issn":["0013-9351","1096-0953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41161365","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41161365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/439890","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10072/439890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064376","display_name":"Griffith Research Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173943867","display_name":"Environmental Research","issn_l":"0013-9351","issn":["0013-9351","1096-0953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062236565","https://openalex.org/W2531785041","https://openalex.org/W2605054654","https://openalex.org/W2759536817","https://openalex.org/W2767396501","https://openalex.org/W2897528678","https://openalex.org/W2902709889","https://openalex.org/W2906484232","https://openalex.org/W2943160824","https://openalex.org/W3046588811","https://openalex.org/W3049235151","https://openalex.org/W3095595608","https://openalex.org/W3108624418","https://openalex.org/W3132527957","https://openalex.org/W3132799964","https://openalex.org/W3148181069","https://openalex.org/W3157851609","https://openalex.org/W3159261489","https://openalex.org/W4214771071","https://openalex.org/W4223993613","https://openalex.org/W4284958745","https://openalex.org/W4296079469","https://openalex.org/W4312214431","https://openalex.org/W4320912415","https://openalex.org/W4324382232","https://openalex.org/W4376223904","https://openalex.org/W4382677471","https://openalex.org/W4383955221","https://openalex.org/W4384826028","https://openalex.org/W4387341817","https://openalex.org/W4389987409","https://openalex.org/W4391221416","https://openalex.org/W4392354133","https://openalex.org/W4392376575","https://openalex.org/W4392558660","https://openalex.org/W4401409860","https://openalex.org/W4401907118","https://openalex.org/W4402731106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133188044","https://openalex.org/W7117748751","https://openalex.org/W4416336746","https://openalex.org/W4312214431","https://openalex.org/W3132799964","https://openalex.org/W4408880971","https://openalex.org/W4376223904","https://openalex.org/W4284958745","https://openalex.org/W4387194168","https://openalex.org/W4402597191"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Coagulation":[0],"and":[1,25,34,75,105,135,165,174,193,243,250,268,273],"flocculation":[2],"remain":[3],"foundational":[4],"in":[5,203,225],"drinking":[6],"water":[7,23,95,226,262],"treatment":[8,206,227,238,263],"plants":[9],"(DWTPs)":[10],"worldwide.":[11],"Determining":[12],"optimal":[13],"coagulant":[14,56],"dosage":[15],"remains":[16],"a":[17,43,62,231],"persistent":[18],"challenge":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,37,54,65,218,271],"raw":[22],"variability":[24],"reliance":[26],"on":[27,118],"conventional":[28],"jar":[29],"tests,":[30],"labor-intensive,":[31],"time-consuming":[32],"methods,":[33],"being":[35],"prone":[36],"operational":[38,90,245],"inefficiencies.":[39],"This":[40,208],"study":[41],"introduces":[42],"novel":[44],"machine":[45],"learning":[46,217],"(ML)":[47],"based":[48,117],"framework":[49],"leveraging":[50],"tree-based":[51],"ensemble":[52,216],"models":[53,114],"predict":[55],"dosing":[57],"with":[58],"high":[59],"precision,":[60],"offering":[61,265],"transformative":[63],"alternative":[64],"empirical":[66],"approaches.":[67],"Seven":[68],"algorithms,":[69],"Random":[70],"Forest":[71],"(RF),":[72],"ExtraTree,":[73],"REPTree,":[74],"M5P":[76],"(M5":[77],"Prime)":[78],"Tree,":[79,81,84],"RF-Extra":[80,148],"RF-REPTree,":[82],"RF-M5P":[83],"were":[85],"systematically":[86],"evaluated":[87],"using":[88],"real-world":[89],"data,":[91],"incorporating":[92],"five":[93],"key":[94],"quality":[96],"parameters:":[97],"turbidity":[98],"(Tb),":[99],"Electric":[100],"conductivity":[101],"(EC),":[102],"pH,":[103],"temperature,":[104],"dissolved":[106],"oxygen":[107],"(DO).":[108],"The":[109,177,253],"performance":[110],"of":[111,132,138,215,236],"the":[112,136,145,147,213,220],"proposed":[113,254],"was":[115],"assessed":[116],"Root":[119],"Mean":[120],"Square":[121],"Error":[122],"(RMSE),":[123],"Nash-Sutcliffe":[124],"Efficiency":[125,128],"(NSE),":[126],"Kling-Gupta":[127],"(KGE),":[129],"Willmott\u2019s":[130],"index":[131],"agreement":[133],"(WI),":[134],"coefficient":[137],"determination":[139],"(R":[140],"2":[141,167,195],")":[142],"values.":[143],"Among":[144],"models,":[146],"Tree":[149],"model":[150,219],"exhibited":[151],"superior":[152],"predictability":[153],"(RMSE":[154,184],"=":[155,159,163,168,185,189,196],"0.515,":[156],"MAE=0.329,":[157],"NSE":[158,188],"0.9850,":[160],"WI=0.996,":[161],"KGE":[162],"0.969":[164],"R":[166,194],"0.985),":[169],"significantly":[170],"outperforming":[171],"traditional":[172],"heuristics":[173],"other":[175],"models.":[176],"RF":[178],"algorithm":[179],"also":[180,229],"demonstrated":[181],"robust":[182],"results":[183],"0.807,":[186],"MAE=0.586,":[187],"0.963,":[190],"WI=0.99,":[191],"KGE=0.899,":[192],"0.963),":[197],"highlighting":[198],"its":[199],"potential":[200],"for":[201,259],"deployment":[202],"dynamic,":[204],"data-driven":[205],"environments.":[207],"research":[209],"not":[210],"only":[211],"underscores":[212],"capacity":[214],"complex,":[221],"non-linear":[222],"relationships":[223],"inherent":[224],"but":[228],"provides":[230],"scalable":[232],"decision-support":[233],"tool":[234],"capable":[235],"enhancing":[237],"consistency,":[239],"reducing":[240],"chemical":[241],"use,":[242],"optimizing":[244],"efficiency":[246],"across":[247],"diverse":[248],"geographic":[249],"climatic":[251],"conditions.":[252],"methodology":[255],"holds":[256],"global":[257],"relevance":[258],"advancing":[260],"smart":[261],"infrastructure,":[264],"both":[266],"environmental":[267],"economic":[269],"benefits":[270],"utilities":[272],"stakeholders.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}