{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415540933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","title":"Association between diabetic retinopathy and neurodegenerative diseases in the All of Us research program","display_name":"Association between diabetic retinopathy and neurodegenerative diseases in the All of Us research program","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415540933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41532026","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12795579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036997","display_name":"AJO International","issn_l":"2950-2535","issn":["2950-2535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AJO International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060767848","display_name":"Huankai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8499-3627","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8499-3627"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ha-Neul Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8499-3627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078447506","display_name":"Jocelyn He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4423-1103","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4423-1103"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jocelyn He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4423-1103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069161010","display_name":"Benjamin B. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-1770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-1770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075836236","display_name":"Gui\u2010Shuang Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-1355","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-1355"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gui-Shuang Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-1355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075836236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34794103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"100190","last_page":"100190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.8144999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.8144999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.14589999616146088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegenerative-diseases","display_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"dementia","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-of-us-research-program","display_name":"All of Us","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-severity","display_name":"diabetes severity","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbidity","display_name":"comorbidities","score":0.8930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7081000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780920962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study","level":4,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036997","display_name":"AJO International","issn_l":"2950-2535","issn":["2950-2535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AJO International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41532026","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41532026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AJO international","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12795579","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12795579/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AJO Int","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac4b2d14a73c456983546602ebb41e3c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac4b2d14a73c456983546602ebb41e3c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AJO International, Vol 2, Iss 4, Pp 100190- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036997","display_name":"AJO International","issn_l":"2950-2535","issn":["2950-2535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AJO International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4213498687","display_name":"Human Retinal Imaging Biomarkers for FTLD-Tau in Relation to FTLD-TDP and Nonamnestic AD","funder_award_id":"RF1AG083774","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000900625","display_name":"P30 Core Grant For Vision Research","funder_award_id":"P30EY001583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/04drjs621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035873080","https://openalex.org/W2087725934","https://openalex.org/W2092341938","https://openalex.org/W2346808375","https://openalex.org/W2738328909","https://openalex.org/W2799826073","https://openalex.org/W2811045133","https://openalex.org/W3083215323","https://openalex.org/W3147383775","https://openalex.org/W3184056898","https://openalex.org/W3213951767","https://openalex.org/W4206975332","https://openalex.org/W4288987676","https://openalex.org/W4307181477","https://openalex.org/W4311256030","https://openalex.org/W4313576808","https://openalex.org/W4321459679","https://openalex.org/W4381799391","https://openalex.org/W4387487656","https://openalex.org/W4390773614","https://openalex.org/W4412949048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391575928","https://openalex.org/W3182738286","https://openalex.org/W3169350484","https://openalex.org/W7153779910","https://openalex.org/W7166667681","https://openalex.org/W7128782707","https://openalex.org/W7163572509","https://openalex.org/W4311256030","https://openalex.org/W3084625539","https://openalex.org/W4394917116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"diabetic":[1],"retinopathy":[2,208],"(DR)":[3],"has":[4],"previously":[5],"been":[6],"linked":[7],"to":[8,23,39],"neurodegenerative":[9,18,49,182,216],"diseases,":[10],"it":[11],"remains":[12],"unclear":[13],"whether":[14,41],"DR":[15,42,90,102,165],"independently":[16],"reflects":[17],"diseases":[19,217],"beyond":[20,218],"those":[21],"attributable":[22],"diabetes":[24,222,231],"itself.":[25],"In":[26,142],"this":[27],"study,":[28],"we":[29],"leveraged":[30],"data":[31,63],"from":[32,64],"the":[33,65,167,225],"All":[34,66],"of":[35,48,67,151,169,181,215],"Us":[36,68],"Research":[37,69],"Program":[38,70],"assess":[40],"serves":[43],"as":[44],"an":[45],"independent":[46],"marker":[47],"disease":[50,118,121,183],"among":[51],"individuals":[52,87,97,108],"with":[53,88,98,148,177,212],"diabetes.":[54],"A":[55],"matched":[56,77],"case-control,":[57],"cross-sectional":[58],"study":[59],"was":[60,146,174,209],"conducted":[61],"using":[62],"(US-based":[71],"EHR":[72],"database).":[73],"Three":[74],"groups":[75],"(exactly":[76],"by":[78,221,230],"age,":[79],"sex,":[80],"and":[81,85,91,107,123,128,139,224,233],"race)":[82],"were":[83,133,198],"created":[84],"compared:":[86],"both":[89],"DM":[92,99,110,170],"(DR+DM,":[93],"n":[94,104],"=":[95,105,112,162],"7,629),":[96],"but":[100],"no":[101],"(DM-only,":[103],"22,887),":[106],"without":[109],"(n":[111],"22,887).":[113],"Outcomes":[114],"included":[115],"dementia,":[116],"Alzheimer\u2019s":[117],"(AD),":[119],"Parkinson\u2019s":[120],"(PD),":[122],"multiple":[124],"sclerosis":[125],"(MS).":[126],"Univariate":[127],"multivariate":[129,186],"logistic":[130],"regression":[131],"analyses":[132],"performed,":[134],"adjusting":[135],"for":[136,189,200],"demographics,":[137],"comorbidities":[138],"diabetes-related":[140],"mediators.":[141],"multivariable":[143],"analysis,":[144],"DM-only":[145],"associated":[147,176,211],"increased":[149,179,213],"odds":[150,154,180],"dementia":[152,190],"(adjusted":[153],"ratio":[155],"[aOR]":[156],"1.28,":[157],"95%":[158,192],"CI:":[159,193],"1.08\u20131.51;":[160],"p":[161],"0.004).":[163],"However,":[164],"in":[166,185],"setting":[168],"(DM+DR":[171],"vs.":[172],"DM-only)":[173],"not":[175,210],"further":[178],"outcome":[184],"models":[187],"(aOR":[188],"1.18,":[191],"0.94\u20131.49).":[194],"No":[195],"significant":[196],"associations":[197],"identified":[199],"AD,":[201],"PD,":[202],"or":[203],"MS":[204],"(all":[205],"p\u22650.10).":[206],"Diabetic":[207],"rates":[214],"that":[219],"conferred":[220],"itself,":[223],"relationship":[226],"may":[227],"be":[228],"mediated":[229],"severity":[232],"related":[234],"comorbidities.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2025-10-25T00:00:00"}
