{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415508441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","title":"Children Are Bridges to Heaven: The Effects of Fertility on Later-Life Mortality","display_name":"Children Are Bridges to Heaven: The Effects of Fertility on Later-Life Mortality","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415508441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w34378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014074388","display_name":"Jason M. Fletcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-0563","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-0563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Fletcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["NBER","University of Wisconsin -Madison and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin -Madison and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055839296","display_name":"Hamid Noghanibehambari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7868-2900","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7868-2900"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184692499","display_name":"Austin Peay State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05tx3bv88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184692499"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Noghanibehambari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Austin Peay State University","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Austin Peay State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184692499"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.7856000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.7856000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12011","display_name":"Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management","score":0.08399999886751175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility","display_name":"fertility","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longevity","display_name":"longevity","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility-history","display_name":"fertility history","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-composition-of-children","display_name":"sex composition of children","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences-in-mortality","display_name":"sex differences in mortality","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1940-census","display_name":"1940 census","score":0.6930000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.6898000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112299071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835884","display_name":"Infant mortality","level":3,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47122089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285897","display_name":"Total fertility rate","level":5,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46299933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61559","display_name":"Child mortality","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w34378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w34378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2114671842","display_name":"The Importance of Place in Determining Health and Mortality at Older Ages","funder_award_id":"R01AG060109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000886894","display_name":"Uncovering Life Course Constellations of Exposures through Big Data on Place, Time, and Family Factors","funder_award_id":"R01AG076830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415508441.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415508441.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577294395","https://openalex.org/W1582601068","https://openalex.org/W1598326569","https://openalex.org/W1867829407","https://openalex.org/W1982163734","https://openalex.org/W1984177808","https://openalex.org/W1985961516","https://openalex.org/W2003490123","https://openalex.org/W2004839224","https://openalex.org/W2008112018","https://openalex.org/W2017323883","https://openalex.org/W2019221897","https://openalex.org/W2026611713","https://openalex.org/W2028552755","https://openalex.org/W2031247145","https://openalex.org/W2035335487","https://openalex.org/W2035839381","https://openalex.org/W2048154301","https://openalex.org/W2058785146","https://openalex.org/W2071974683","https://openalex.org/W2080282563","https://openalex.org/W2088003059","https://openalex.org/W2094243809","https://openalex.org/W2096023481","https://openalex.org/W2100673825","https://openalex.org/W2107256585","https://openalex.org/W2128536211","https://openalex.org/W2141466787","https://openalex.org/W2151176003","https://openalex.org/W2158968798","https://openalex.org/W2160394440","https://openalex.org/W2205427428","https://openalex.org/W2292604297","https://openalex.org/W2332787986","https://openalex.org/W2470247990","https://openalex.org/W2507562270","https://openalex.org/W2547716215","https://openalex.org/W2566536056","https://openalex.org/W2752076140","https://openalex.org/W2792481980","https://openalex.org/W3021942813","https://openalex.org/W3045423018","https://openalex.org/W3085704271","https://openalex.org/W3112227997","https://openalex.org/W3122987699","https://openalex.org/W3123172435","https://openalex.org/W3125451060","https://openalex.org/W3190761431","https://openalex.org/W3209298021","https://openalex.org/W4224861642","https://openalex.org/W4289887142","https://openalex.org/W4313312202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2894500448","https://openalex.org/W2080282563","https://openalex.org/W2547716215","https://openalex.org/W2044506606","https://openalex.org/W1643669662","https://openalex.org/W2060728611","https://openalex.org/W2886021554","https://openalex.org/W2028552755","https://openalex.org/W1689322580","https://openalex.org/W1954451718"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"competing":[1],"theories":[2],"in":[3,63,93,109,116,127],"a":[4,10,91,124],"number":[5],"of":[6,13,22,39,77,111],"disciplines":[7],"point":[8],"to":[9,90],"possible":[11],"influence":[12],"fertility":[14,40,131],"history":[15],"on":[16,43,73,100],"health":[17],"and":[18,28,60,106,132],"mortality.However,":[19],"the":[20,29,37,54,64,74,101,128],"direction":[21],"effects":[23,38,117],"is":[24,32,88],"theoretically":[25],"a-priori":[26],"unknown":[27],"empirical":[30],"evidence":[31],"also":[33],"inconclusive.This":[34],"paper":[35],"examines":[36],"during":[41],"midlife":[42],"later-life":[44,133],"longevity":[45,95,110],"using":[46],"Social":[47],"Security":[48],"Administration":[49],"death":[50],"records":[51],"linked":[52,89],"with":[53],"full-count":[55],"1940":[56],"census.We":[57],"tackle":[58],"endogeneity":[59],"selection":[61],"concerns":[62],"longevity-fertility":[65],"association":[66],"by":[67,96],"implementing":[68],"an":[69,85],"instrumental":[70],"variable":[71],"based":[72],"sex":[75],"composition":[76],"first":[78],"two":[79],"children.Our":[80],"findings":[81],"indicate":[82],"that":[83,119],"having":[84],"extra":[86],"child":[87],"decrease":[92],"women's":[94],"approximately":[97],"5":[98],"months.Men,":[99],"other":[102],"hand,":[103],"experience":[104],"smaller":[105],"insignificant":[107],"reductions":[108],"about":[112],"3.3":[113],"months.This":[114],"divergence":[115],"suggests":[118],"biological":[120],"factors":[121],"may":[122],"play":[123],"small":[125],"role":[126],"relationship":[129],"between":[130],"longevity.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}
