{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415469728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","title":"A multi stage deep learning model for accurate segmentation and classification of breast lesions in mammography","display_name":"A multi stage deep learning model for accurate segmentation and classification of breast lesions in mammography","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415469728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41131156","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12549806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-21146-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-21146-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111389174","display_name":"Sultan Ahmad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["IN","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia. s.alisher@psau.edu.sa","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India. s.alisher@psau.edu.sa","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia. s.alisher@psau.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India. s.alisher@psau.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004909453","display_name":"Eali Stephen Neal Joshua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-1242","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-1242"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885392262","display_name":"GITAM University","ror":"https://ror.org/0440p1d37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eali Stephen Neal Joshua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063411048","display_name":"N. Thirupathi Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-8532","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-8532"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nakka Thirupathi Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Vignan's Institute of Information Technology (A), Visakhapatnam, 530049, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Vignan's Institute of Information Technology (A), Visakhapatnam, 530049, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067907286","display_name":"Rania M. Ghoniem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7740-7402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7740-7402","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-3060"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rania M. Ghoniem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117764956","display_name":"Belayneh Matebie Taye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1767-4595","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1767-4595"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8764889","display_name":"University of Gondar","ror":"https://ror.org/0595gz585","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8764889"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Belayneh Matebie Taye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Informatics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia. belayneh.matebie@uog.edu.et","Department of Computer Science, College of Informatics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Informatics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia. belayneh.matebie@uog.edu.et","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8764889"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Informatics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8764889"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045735427","display_name":"Salil Bharany","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salil Bharany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111389174","https://openalex.org/A5117764956"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157","https://openalex.org/I142608572","https://openalex.org/I8764889"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":4.6476,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95909552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"37103","last_page":"37103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11361","display_name":"Digital Radiography and Breast Imaging","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-lesion-segmentation","display_name":"breast lesion segmentation","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-lesion-classification","display_name":"breast lesion classification","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mammography","display_name":"mammography","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer-detection","display_name":"breast cancer detection","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-net","display_name":"U-Net","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficientnetv2","display_name":"EfficientNetV2","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-distribution","display_name":"normal distribution","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cbis-ddsm","display_name":"CBIS-DDSM","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wisconsin-diagnostic-breast-cancer-dataset","display_name":"Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-diagnosis","display_name":"automated diagnosis","score":0.8370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7577000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6782000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.6462000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778491387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011492","display_name":"Breast cancer screening","level":5,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781281974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Digital mammography","level":5,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777432617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22905905","display_name":"Breast imaging","level":5,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779549770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122413","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779098232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903975","display_name":"BI-RADS","level":5,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001940","descriptor_name":"Breast","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001940","descriptor_name":"Breast","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-21146-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11357485","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12549806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:41131156","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41131156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12549806","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12549806/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8344419513d490f8c10e251b2d2cb7e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8344419513d490f8c10e251b2d2cb7e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-23 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21146-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-21146-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2296600085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSAU/2025/R/1446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","funder_display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3675418067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025/R/1446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","funder_display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415469728.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415469728.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081474231","https://openalex.org/W2806634798","https://openalex.org/W2972214381","https://openalex.org/W3022501647","https://openalex.org/W3097618044","https://openalex.org/W3135208168","https://openalex.org/W3172778143","https://openalex.org/W3188452244","https://openalex.org/W3207759869","https://openalex.org/W3213532398","https://openalex.org/W3216277748","https://openalex.org/W4200566850","https://openalex.org/W4210834226","https://openalex.org/W4214655136","https://openalex.org/W4220976903","https://openalex.org/W4241111883","https://openalex.org/W4283263789","https://openalex.org/W4306768310","https://openalex.org/W4311816408","https://openalex.org/W4311960368","https://openalex.org/W4312658277","https://openalex.org/W4312849893","https://openalex.org/W4313897233","https://openalex.org/W4324291205","https://openalex.org/W4352977741","https://openalex.org/W4376643503","https://openalex.org/W4378377498","https://openalex.org/W4385420641","https://openalex.org/W4386697801","https://openalex.org/W4388464390","https://openalex.org/W4389395128","https://openalex.org/W4390659995","https://openalex.org/W4391103530","https://openalex.org/W4393094613","https://openalex.org/W4396557972","https://openalex.org/W4399264385","https://openalex.org/W4400781603","https://openalex.org/W4401163092","https://openalex.org/W4402929483","https://openalex.org/W4403223568","https://openalex.org/W4403988904","https://openalex.org/W4405511035","https://openalex.org/W4407215368","https://openalex.org/W4407463850","https://openalex.org/W4407822009","https://openalex.org/W4408378056","https://openalex.org/W4410427536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214953885","https://openalex.org/W4407463850","https://openalex.org/W3170769871","https://openalex.org/W4389537700","https://openalex.org/W7163924435","https://openalex.org/W3091632011","https://openalex.org/W4210499118","https://openalex.org/W4400674518","https://openalex.org/W4410059020","https://openalex.org/W4294974980"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mammography":[0],"is":[1,21,69,85,92,103,112],"a":[2,49,70,80,100,194,236],"routine":[3],"imaging":[4],"technique":[5],"used":[6,104],"by":[7,172],"radiologists":[8,280],"to":[9,37,114,228,281],"detect":[10,229],"breast":[11,61,125,143,163,180,245],"lesions,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"tumors":[15],"and":[16,26,31,42,64,79,99,128,140,160,167,242,255,266,278],"lumps.":[17],"Precise":[18],"lesion":[19,43,62,88,106,181,230],"detection":[20,30,127,139],"critical":[22],"for":[23,56,87,94,105,124,251],"early":[24],"treatment":[25],"diagnosis":[27],"planning.":[28],"Lesion":[29,53],"segmentation":[32,63],"are":[33],"still":[34],"problematic":[35],"due":[36],"inconsistencies":[38],"in":[39,137,145,179,190,197,232,263],"image":[40,95],"quality":[41],"properties.":[44],"Hence,":[45],"this":[46],"work":[47],"presents":[48],"new":[50],"Multi-Stage":[51,148],"Deep":[52,149],"model":[54,68,74,249],"(MSDLM)":[55,152],"enhancing":[57],"the":[58,120,130,138,161,206],"efficacy":[59],"of":[60,133,142,175,185,209,216,223,244],"classification.":[65,107],"The":[66,108,147,218,247,258],"suggested":[67],"Three-Unit":[71],"Two-Parameter":[72],"Gaussian":[73,237],"with":[75,235],"U-Net,":[76],"EfficientNetV2":[77,90],"B0,":[78],"domain":[81],"CNN":[82,101],"classifier.":[83],"U-Net":[84],"utilized":[86],"segmentation,":[89],"B0":[91],"employed":[93],"deep":[96],"feature":[97,110,256],"extraction,":[98],"classifier":[102],"MSDLM":[109,234,248],"cascade":[111],"designed":[113],"enhance":[115],"computational":[116,267],"efficiency":[117],"while":[118],"retaining":[119],"most":[121,135],"relevant":[122],"features":[123,134],"cancer":[126,164],"identifying":[129],"minimum":[131],"number":[132],"important":[136],"classification":[141,168,243],"lesions":[144],"mammograms.":[146,233],"Learning":[150],"Model":[151],"was":[153],"validated":[154],"using":[155],"two":[156,272],"benchmark":[157],"datasets,":[158],"CBIS-DDSM":[159],"Wisconsin":[162],"dataset.":[165],"Segmentation":[166],"tasks":[169],"were":[170],"indicated":[171,202],"accuracy":[173],"values":[174],"97.6%,":[176],"indicating":[177,211],"reliability":[178,189,227],"detection.":[182],"Its":[183,269],"sensitivity":[184],"91.25%":[186],"indicates":[187],"its":[188,226,276],"detecting":[191],"positive":[192],"cases,":[193],"basic":[195],"requirement":[196],"medical":[198],"diagnosis.":[199],"It":[200],"also":[201],"an":[203],"Area":[204],"Under":[205],"Curve":[207],"(AUC)":[208],"95.75%,":[210],"overall":[212],"diagnostic":[213],"performance":[214,270],"irrespective":[215],"thresholds.":[217],"Intersection":[219],"over":[220],"Union":[221],"(IoU)":[222],"85.59%":[224],"verifies":[225,275],"areas":[231],"distribution":[238],"provides":[239],"precise":[240],"localization":[241],"lesions.":[246],"allows":[250],"improved":[252],"information":[253],"flow":[254],"refinement.":[257],"algorithm":[259],"outperforms":[260],"baseline":[261],"models":[262],"both":[264],"effectiveness":[265],"cost.":[268],"on":[271],"diverse":[273],"datasets":[274],"generalizability":[277],"enables":[279],"receive":[282],"exact":[283],"automated":[284],"diagnoses.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-10-23T00:00:00"}
