{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415465393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","title":"Analysis of the sustainability of secondary cities in Africa: Evidence based on data from the Sarh Town in Southern Chad","display_name":"Analysis of the sustainability of secondary cities in Africa: Evidence based on data from the Sarh Town in Southern Chad","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415465393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","pdf_url":"https://learning-gate.com/index.php/2576-8484/article/download/10556/3417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188960","display_name":"Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology","issn_l":"2576-8484","issn":["2576-8484"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://learning-gate.com/index.php/2576-8484/article/download/10556/3417","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114591475","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Teadoum Naringu\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4101-5925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4101-5925"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4287427","display_name":"University of Lom\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/00wc07928","country_code":"TG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}],"countries":["TG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Teadoum Naringu\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, and Research Laboratory on Spaces, Exchanges and Human Security, University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4101-5925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, and Research Laboratory on Spaces, Exchanges and Human Security, University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114591476","display_name":"N\u2019Dilb\u00e9 Tob-Ro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4675-3423","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4675-3423"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166478","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Adam Barka d'Ab\u00e9ch\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/00m4aft17","country_code":"TD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166478"]}],"countries":["TD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N\u2019Dilb\u00e9 Tob-Ro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geography Department, Adam Barka University of Abeche, N\u2019Djamena BP 5539, Chad"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4675-3423","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geography Department, Adam Barka University of Abeche, N\u2019Djamena BP 5539, Chad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166478"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107555156","display_name":"Elhadji Ibrahima Diaou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6131-0071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6131-0071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4287427","display_name":"University of Lom\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/00wc07928","country_code":"TG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}],"countries":["TG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elhadji Ibrahima Diaou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6131-0071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107550815","display_name":"Ernest Haou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3779-3766","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3779-3766"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4287427","display_name":"University of Lom\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/00wc07928","country_code":"TG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}],"countries":["TG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernest Haou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3779-3766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020707870","display_name":"Follygan Hetcheli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4287427","display_name":"University of Lom\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/00wc07928","country_code":"TG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}],"countries":["TG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Follygan Hetcheli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, and Research Laboratory on Spaces, Exchanges and Human Security, University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, and Research Laboratory on Spaces, Exchanges and Human Security, University of Lome, Lome 01 BP 1515, Togo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"854","last_page":"877"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.8169000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.8169000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14520","display_name":"Sustainable Urban and Rural Development","score":0.1615000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11858","display_name":"Urban Development and Societal Issues","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-sustainability","display_name":"urban sustainability","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-cities","display_name":"secondary cities","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sdg-11","display_name":"SDG 11","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-governance","display_name":"urban governance","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-poverty","display_name":"urban poverty","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-participation-in-urban-planning","display_name":"citizen participation in urban planning","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-infrastructure","display_name":"urban infrastructure","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-tensions","display_name":"social tensions","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-policy","display_name":"urban policy","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-cities","display_name":"African cities","score":0.32899999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.6187999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.5561000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5110999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994339824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7649624","display_name":"Urban sustainability","level":3,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992132446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban policy","level":3,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4238864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2069949","display_name":"Urban density","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","pdf_url":"https://learning-gate.com/index.php/2576-8484/article/download/10556/3417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188960","display_name":"Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology","issn_l":"2576-8484","issn":["2576-8484"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55214/2576-8484.v9i10.10556","pdf_url":"https://learning-gate.com/index.php/2576-8484/article/download/10556/3417","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188960","display_name":"Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology","issn_l":"2576-8484","issn":["2576-8484"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4074000120162964}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415465393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415465393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989793195","https://openalex.org/W2513152740","https://openalex.org/W2521925618","https://openalex.org/W2580520152","https://openalex.org/W2768401399","https://openalex.org/W2809905818","https://openalex.org/W2898070142","https://openalex.org/W2899516973","https://openalex.org/W2905644046","https://openalex.org/W2911704792","https://openalex.org/W2941082977","https://openalex.org/W2950713130","https://openalex.org/W2967516489","https://openalex.org/W2994893967","https://openalex.org/W3012132513","https://openalex.org/W3013489460","https://openalex.org/W3016584396","https://openalex.org/W3032477836","https://openalex.org/W3033383255","https://openalex.org/W3034254144","https://openalex.org/W3037399057","https://openalex.org/W3068304333","https://openalex.org/W3083895498","https://openalex.org/W3087033421","https://openalex.org/W3087674216","https://openalex.org/W3089648458","https://openalex.org/W3095001796","https://openalex.org/W3105106181","https://openalex.org/W3137020177","https://openalex.org/W3141315293","https://openalex.org/W3158967979","https://openalex.org/W3184776190","https://openalex.org/W3205208441","https://openalex.org/W4200282223","https://openalex.org/W4283640409","https://openalex.org/W4283797955","https://openalex.org/W4301394855","https://openalex.org/W4306402870","https://openalex.org/W4313518893","https://openalex.org/W4364377483","https://openalex.org/W4365514565","https://openalex.org/W4380628686","https://openalex.org/W4385070227","https://openalex.org/W4386018818","https://openalex.org/W4386309399","https://openalex.org/W4386377839","https://openalex.org/W4386959767","https://openalex.org/W4394844086","https://openalex.org/W4401412924","https://openalex.org/W4402244152","https://openalex.org/W4402857510","https://openalex.org/W4404234916","https://openalex.org/W4404243871","https://openalex.org/W4406304671","https://openalex.org/W4406706479","https://openalex.org/W4406732946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3206985967","https://openalex.org/W7111401328","https://openalex.org/W4296773733","https://openalex.org/W4411155760","https://openalex.org/W2324750683","https://openalex.org/W4392900211","https://openalex.org/W4402762221","https://openalex.org/W7154912042","https://openalex.org/W4402857510","https://openalex.org/W4411661904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"slower":[1],"than":[2],"that":[3,83],"of":[4,9,33,39,60,67,72,86,97,115,189],"metropolitan":[5],"areas,":[6],"the":[7,30,37,58,70,84,95,116,123,173,183,187],"growth":[8],"secondary":[10,197],"cities":[11],"in":[12,144,157,196],"Africa":[13],"is":[14,49,100],"nonetheless":[15],"a":[16,52,65],"major":[17],"phenomenon":[18],"influencing":[19],"urban,":[20],"socio-economic,":[21],"and":[22,62,77,111,134,160,166],"environmental":[23],"dynamics.":[24],"This":[25,170],"research":[26,171],"aims":[27],"to":[28,141,181],"assess":[29],"urban":[31,142,151,158,178],"sustainability":[32],"Sarh":[34,145],"based":[35,50],"on":[36,51],"indicators":[38,89,99,124],"Sustainable":[40,190],"Development":[41,191],"Goal":[42,192],"11":[43,74,88,193],"(SDG":[44,194],"11).":[45],"The":[46,80],"methodology":[47],"adopted":[48],"mixed":[53],"approach,":[54],"combining":[55],"documentary":[56],"analysis,":[57],"use":[59],"demographic":[61],"spatial":[63],"data,":[64],"survey":[66],"household":[68],"heads,":[69],"calculation":[71],"SDG":[73,87,126,128,130,132,135],"indicators,":[75],"interviews,":[76],"statistical":[78],"analysis.":[79],"results":[81],"reveal":[82],"majority":[85],"show":[90],"significant":[91],"negative":[92],"deviations.":[93],"Furthermore,":[94],"performance":[96],"these":[98],"statistically":[101],"associated":[102],"with":[103],"several":[104],"socio-economic":[105],"variables,":[106],"including":[107],"income,":[108],"occupation,":[109],"age,":[110],"residence":[112],"status.":[113],"Analysis":[114],"correlation":[117],"matrix":[118],"highlights":[119,172],"synergistic":[120],"relationships":[121],"between":[122],"for":[125,176],"1,":[127],"6,":[129],"8,":[131],"9,":[133],"11.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"five":[138],"main":[139],"obstacles":[140],"development":[143],"were":[146],"identified:":[147],"weak":[148],"governance":[149],"(47.30%),":[150],"poverty":[152],"(15.06%),":[153],"low":[154],"citizen":[155],"participation":[156],"planning":[159],"management":[161],"(13.41%),":[162],"insufficient":[163],"infrastructure":[164],"(12.23%),":[165],"social":[167],"tensions":[168],"(12%).":[169],"critical":[174],"need":[175],"effective":[177],"policy":[179],"strategies":[180],"address":[182],"challenges":[184],"posed":[185],"by":[186],"implementation":[188],"11)":[195],"cities.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-23T00:00:00"}
