{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415399297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722","title":"A Study of On-Device Deep Reinforcement Learning for Task Offloading under Dynamic 5G Channel Conditions","display_name":"A Study of On-Device Deep Reinforcement Learning for Task Offloading under Dynamic 5G Channel Conditions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415399297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607916","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 30th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111187884","display_name":"Gorka Nieto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8258-5169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8258-5169"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140267","display_name":"Ikerlan","ror":"https://ror.org/03hp1m080","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gorka Nieto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA),Ikerlan Technology Research Centre,Arrasate-Mondrag\u00f3n,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA),Ikerlan Technology Research Centre,Arrasate-Mondrag\u00f3n,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009427296","display_name":"Idoia de la Iglesia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-9454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-9454"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140267","display_name":"Ikerlan","ror":"https://ror.org/03hp1m080","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Idoia De La Iglesia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA),Ikerlan Technology Research Centre,Arrasate-Mondrag\u00f3n,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA),Ikerlan Technology Research Centre,Arrasate-Mondrag\u00f3n,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037463212","display_name":"Unai L\u00f3pez-Novoa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-8946","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-8946"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Unai Lopez-Novoa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),School of Engineering in Bilbao,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),School of Engineering in Bilbao,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031324468","display_name":"Cristina Perfecto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-6844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-6844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Perfecto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),School of Engineering in Bilbao,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),School of Engineering in Bilbao,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077606519","display_name":"Ali Balador","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-7763","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-7763"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Balador","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson AB,Stockholm,Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson AB,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016950853","display_name":"Mohammad Ashjaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-1834","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-1834"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82509713","display_name":"M\u00e4lardalen University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vfbz75","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ashjaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["M\u00e4lardalens University,School of Innovation, Design and Engineering,V\u00e4ster\u00e5s,Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"M\u00e4lardalens University,School of Innovation, Design and Engineering,V\u00e4ster\u00e5s,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7616,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59647852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14098","display_name":"Energy Efficiency in Computing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"computation offloading","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"mobile edge computing","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"deep reinforcement learning","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-decision-making","display_name":"decentralized decision-making","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-placement","display_name":"task placement","score":0.5540000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.828499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7008000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.680899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.652400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5976999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa65518.2025.11205722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607916","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 30th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7008848257","https://openalex.org/W4396618426","https://openalex.org/W3103712784","https://openalex.org/W7119531642","https://openalex.org/W4285815040","https://openalex.org/W4289109368","https://openalex.org/W2959276766","https://openalex.org/W6939170225","https://openalex.org/W2982507805","https://openalex.org/W4295037364"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-Access":[0],"Edge":[1],"Computing":[2],"(MEC)":[3],"is":[4,126],"a":[5,49,75,85,93,103,121,138,142],"paradigm":[6],"that":[7],"enables":[8],"Internet-of-Things":[9],"(IoT)":[10],"applications":[11],"and":[12,62,90,117,141,160,172,199],"devices":[13,22,32],"to":[14,23,37,56,110,137,192],"run":[15],"tasks":[16,183],"in":[17,25,71,120,164,175,202],"different":[18],"locations,":[19,116],"from":[20],"IoT":[21],"servers":[24],"the":[26,45,57,65,72,79,112,133,149,168,176,194],"Cloud.":[27],"This":[28,124],"way,":[29],"less":[30],"capable":[31],"can":[33,52,91],"offload":[34],"computation":[35,80],"loads":[36],"more":[38],"powerful":[39],"or":[40,186],"available":[41],"servers.":[42],"However,":[43],"choosing":[44],"optimal":[46],"location":[47,61],"for":[48,78,95],"particular":[50],"task":[51],"be":[53,92],"complex":[54],"due":[55],"features":[58],"of":[59,64,88,114,128,166],"each":[60],"restrictions":[63],"task.":[66],"For":[67],"this,":[68],"numerous":[69],"approaches":[70],"literature":[73],"adopt":[74],"centralized":[76],"strategy":[77],"offloading":[81],"decision,":[82],"which":[83,135],"introduces":[84],"single":[86],"point":[87],"failure":[89],"bottleneck":[94],"resource-demanding":[96],"applications.":[97],"In":[98],"this":[99],"work,":[100],"we":[101],"propose":[102],"decentralized":[104],"Deep":[105],"Reinforcement":[106],"Learning":[107],"(DRL)":[108],"agent":[109],"solve":[111],"choice":[113],"computing":[115,169],"its":[118],"assessment":[119],"real":[122],"testbed.":[123],"testbed":[125],"formed":[127],"an":[129],"end-user":[130],"device":[131],"running":[132],"agent,":[134],"connects":[136],"MEC":[139],"server":[140,144],"Cloud":[143],"through":[145],"5G.":[146],"We":[147],"compare":[148],"algorithm":[150],"against":[151],"four":[152],"alternatives,":[153],"one":[154],"based":[155],"on":[156],"another":[157],"DRL":[158,188],"approach,":[159],"analyze":[161],"their":[162],"performance":[163,198],"terms":[165],"meeting":[167],"tasks\u2019":[170],"requirements":[171],"energy":[173,200],"consumption":[174,201],"User":[177],"Equipment":[178],"(UE),":[179],"where":[180],"synthetically":[181],"generated":[182],"are":[184,190],"executed":[185],"offloaded.":[187],"algorithms":[189],"shown":[191],"provide":[193],"best":[195],"tradeoff":[196],"between":[197],"changing":[203],"conditions.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}