{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415399050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508","title":"Robust Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification Under Modulation Variations Via Invariant Multi-Scale Feature Learning","display_name":"Robust Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification Under Modulation Variations Via Invariant Multi-Scale Feature Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415399050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407087200","display_name":"International Conference on Intelligent Communications and Computing (ICICC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 5th International Conference on Intelligent Communications and Computing (ICICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100706529","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-3667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-3667","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0026-5081","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9048-2979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111340699","display_name":"Zhenxin Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1343-0765","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1343-0765"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxin Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102023748","display_name":"Tiantian Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8596-1227","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8596-1227"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030637690","display_name":"Pengfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-467X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-467X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738147","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4030-5469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4030-5469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027367677","display_name":"Guan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7428-4980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, NJUPT,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75590271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"117","last_page":"122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency-fingerprint-identification","display_name":"radio frequency fingerprint identification","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-scale-feature-learning","display_name":"multi-scale feature learning","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-identification","display_name":"device identification","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-modulation","display_name":"high-order modulation","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicarrier-modulation","display_name":"multicarrier modulation","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network-security","display_name":"wireless network security","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6766999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142031617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105437","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","level":4,"score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204222849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778922385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475620","display_name":"Identification scheme","level":3,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983886724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4262","display_name":"Radio signal","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148162668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"AM/FM/GIS","level":4,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicc66840.2025.11199508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407087200","display_name":"International Conference on Intelligent Communications and Computing (ICICC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 5th International Conference on Intelligent Communications and Computing (ICICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1874399837","https://openalex.org/W1880843531","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2324877926","https://openalex.org/W2889741439","https://openalex.org/W2891054065","https://openalex.org/W2963275094","https://openalex.org/W2972810968","https://openalex.org/W3009816315","https://openalex.org/W3032977069","https://openalex.org/W4206696842","https://openalex.org/W4311080746","https://openalex.org/W4399943253","https://openalex.org/W4402892249","https://openalex.org/W4403052684","https://openalex.org/W4403061082","https://openalex.org/W4405785723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7131654477","https://openalex.org/W4408966781","https://openalex.org/W4417132839","https://openalex.org/W4402810592","https://openalex.org/W4414117688","https://openalex.org/W4413887210","https://openalex.org/W4412785873","https://openalex.org/W4403466596","https://openalex.org/W4387089731","https://openalex.org/W4205273399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radio":[0],"Frequency":[1],"Fingerprint":[2],"Identification":[3],"(RFFI)":[4],"enables":[5],"the":[6,97,115,135],"identification":[7,121],"of":[8],"individual":[9],"wireless":[10,25,47],"devices":[11],"by":[12],"extracting":[13],"inherent":[14],"radio":[15],"frequency":[16],"($\\mathbf{R":[17],"F}$)":[18],"features,":[19],"offering":[20],"substantial":[21],"potential":[22],"for":[23],"enhancing":[24],"communication":[26],"security.":[27],"However,":[28],"conventional":[29,132],"RFFI":[30,58],"methods":[31],"often":[32],"suffer":[33],"from":[34],"significant":[35],"performance":[36],"degradation":[37],"under":[38],"varying":[39],"modulation":[40,72,109,144],"schemes,":[41,145],"limiting":[42],"their":[43],"applicability":[44],"in":[45,150],"dynamic":[46],"environments.":[48,154],"To":[49],"address":[50],"this":[51,53],"issue,":[52],"paper":[54],"proposes":[55],"a":[56,77,90],"robust":[57],"approach":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61],"invariant":[62],"feature":[63,92],"learning.":[64],"A":[65],"simulated":[66],"RF":[67],"signal":[68],"dataset":[69],"with":[70],"diverse":[71],"types":[73],"is":[74],"constructed":[75],"using":[76],"transmitter":[78],"impairment":[79],"model":[80],"to":[81,100],"comprehensively":[82],"evaluate":[83],"cross-modulation":[84,128],"performance.":[85],"The":[86],"proposed":[87,116],"method":[88,117,136],"adopts":[89],"multi-scale":[91],"extraction":[93],"architecture,":[94],"which":[95],"enhances":[96],"network's":[98],"capacity":[99],"learn":[101],"modulation-invariant":[102],"representations,":[103],"thereby":[104],"improving":[105],"generalization":[106],"across":[107],"different":[108],"types.":[110],"Experimental":[111],"results":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"that":[114],"achieves":[118],"an":[119],"average":[120],"accuracy":[122],"of$\\mathbf{8":[123],"5.":[124],"7":[125],"5":[126],"\\%}$in":[127],"scenarios,":[129],"substantially":[130],"outperforming":[131],"baselines.":[133],"Notably,":[134],"exhibits":[137],"strong":[138],"transferability":[139],"between":[140],"high-order":[141],"and":[142,152],"multi-carrier":[143],"while":[146],"maintaining":[147],"high":[148],"robustness":[149],"complex":[151],"variable":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}