{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415372005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","title":"The Machiavellian Prince Virt\u00f9 and Duterte\u2019s Drug War: Localized Ramifications on Peace and Human Security","display_name":"The Machiavellian Prince Virt\u00f9 and Duterte\u2019s Drug War: Localized Ramifications on Peace and Human Security","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415372005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","pdf_url":"https://ijchr.net/journal/article/download/374/307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407044933","display_name":"International Journal on Culture History and Religion","issn_l":"3028-1318","issn":["3028-1318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Culture, History, and Religion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ijchr.net/journal/article/download/374/307","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120073935","display_name":"Nehimiah Marquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1346-3567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1346-3567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279094","display_name":"Mindanao State University-Buug","ror":"https://ror.org/010jg6n76","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354071399","https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nehimiah Marquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mindanao State University - Buug"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1346-3567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mindanao State University - Buug","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118836000","display_name":"Jennifer Castillano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3922-4490","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3922-4490"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279094","display_name":"Mindanao State University-Buug","ror":"https://ror.org/010jg6n76","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354071399","https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Castillano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mindanao State University-Buug"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3922-4490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mindanao State University-Buug","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120073937","display_name":"Rosienie Gallardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5746-6213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5746-6213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279094","display_name":"Mindanao State University-Buug","ror":"https://ror.org/010jg6n76","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354071399","https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosienie Gallardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mindanao State University - Buug"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5746-6213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mindanao State University - Buug","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054141188","display_name":"Omar Bryan M. Hampong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4671-768X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4671-768X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279094","display_name":"Mindanao State University-Buug","ror":"https://ror.org/010jg6n76","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354071399","https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Bryan Hampong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mindanao State University - Buug"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4671-768X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mindanao State University - Buug","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001108678","display_name":"Jameyla A. Ladias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4217-6104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4217-6104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279094","display_name":"Mindanao State University-Buug","ror":"https://ror.org/010jg6n76","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354071399","https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jameyla Ladias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mindanao State University - Buug"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4217-6104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mindanao State University - Buug","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120073938","display_name":"Norhanie Macarao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1263-3011","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1263-3011"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279094","display_name":"Mindanao State University-Buug","ror":"https://ror.org/010jg6n76","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354071399","https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norhanie Macarao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mindanao State University - Buug"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1263-3011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mindanao State University - Buug","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279094"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"SI3","first_page":"314","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.6460000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.6460000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12872","display_name":"Philippine History and Culture","score":0.12129999697208405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.042500000447034836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-on-drugs","display_name":"war on drugs","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rodrigo-duterte","display_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtus","display_name":"virtus","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-leadership","display_name":"political leadership","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peace-and-security","display_name":"peace and security","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-security","display_name":"human security","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights-violations","display_name":"human rights violations","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-offenses","display_name":"drug offenses","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-perception-of-security","display_name":"public perception of security","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malanga","display_name":"malanga","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-values","display_name":"democratic values","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.7027999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5654000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5196999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779449393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302285","display_name":"Human security","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986045029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294240","display_name":"Public security","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993972936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democratic governance","level":4,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776240099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327018","display_name":"Interrogation","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991800021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37470","display_name":"Security council","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331083","display_name":"Human research","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79165680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280151","display_name":"Security studies","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","pdf_url":"https://ijchr.net/journal/article/download/374/307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407044933","display_name":"International Journal on Culture History and Religion","issn_l":"3028-1318","issn":["3028-1318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Culture, History, and Religion","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7isi3.374","pdf_url":"https://ijchr.net/journal/article/download/374/307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407044933","display_name":"International Journal on Culture History and Religion","issn_l":"3028-1318","issn":["3028-1318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Culture, History, and Religion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415372005.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415372005.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997027845","https://openalex.org/W2580247927","https://openalex.org/W2802632294","https://openalex.org/W3029532900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7219497212","https://openalex.org/W3047501535","https://openalex.org/W4394974437","https://openalex.org/W4283582627","https://openalex.org/W4413793130","https://openalex.org/W7171771430","https://openalex.org/W4317824471","https://openalex.org/W4313052146","https://openalex.org/W6967117952","https://openalex.org/W2957096646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"explores":[2],"President":[3],"Rodrigo":[4],"Duterte\u2019s":[5,63],"War":[6,76],"on":[7,21,77],"Drugs":[8,78],"through":[9,43],"the":[10,16,54,75],"lens":[11],"of":[12,18,53,59],"Machiavelli\u2019s":[13],"Prince":[14],"and":[15,41,65,71,95,112,124],"concept":[17],"virt\u00f9,":[19],"focusing":[20],"its":[22],"localized":[23],"effects":[24],"in":[25,62,68,107],"Malangas,":[26],"Zamboanga":[27],"Sibugay.":[28],"Using":[29],"an":[30],"exploratory-descriptive":[31],"approach,":[32],"data":[33],"were":[34],"gathered":[35],"from":[36],"138":[37],"residents":[38],"aged":[39],"24":[40],"above":[42],"a":[44,56],"validated":[45],"survey":[46],"questionnaire.":[47],"Results":[48],"showed":[49],"high":[50],"public":[51],"awareness":[52],"campaign,":[55],"strong":[57],"perception":[58],"Machiavellian":[60,105],"virt\u00f9":[61],"leadership,":[64],"reported":[66],"improvements":[67],"peace,":[69],"order,":[70],"personal":[72],"safety.":[73],"While":[74],"has":[79],"faced":[80],"widespread":[81],"criticism":[82],"for":[83,121],"human":[84,122],"rights":[85,123],"violations,":[86],"local":[87],"respondents":[88],"associated":[89],"it":[90],"with":[91],"reduced":[92],"drug-related":[93],"crimes":[94],"enhanced":[96],"security":[97],"within":[98],"their":[99,119],"community.":[100],"The":[101],"findings":[102],"suggest":[103],"that":[104],"strategies":[106],"governance":[108],"can":[109],"reinforce":[110],"peace":[111],"stability,":[113],"yet":[114],"remain":[115],"contested":[116],"due":[117],"to":[118],"implications":[120],"democratic":[125],"values.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}