{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415344795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","title":"Thermochemical models of outer core convection with heterogeneous core-mantle boundary heat flux","display_name":"Thermochemical models of outer core convection with heterogeneous core-mantle boundary heat flux","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415344795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46298/jsedi.17084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055795","display_name":"journal of Studies of the Earth\u2019s Deep Interior","issn_l":"3099-2877","issn":["3099-2877"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320059","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure Editions","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320059"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure Editions"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Studies of Earth\u2019s Deep Interior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006328071","display_name":"Souvik Naskar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-8417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-8417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souvik Naskar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-8417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080680517","display_name":"Jonathan E. Mound","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1243-6915","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1243-6915"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan E. Mound","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1243-6915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Christopher J. Davies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-3815","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-3815"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher J. Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-3815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004107559","display_name":"Andrew Clarke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-0016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-0016"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew T. Clarke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-0016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4088,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88908129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"Volume 2","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11786","display_name":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","score":0.6176999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11786","display_name":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","score":0.6176999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10413","display_name":"High-pressure geophysics and materials","score":0.35690000653266907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermochemical-convection","display_name":"thermochemical convection","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-mantle-boundary-heat-flux","display_name":"core-mantle boundary heat flux","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compositional-convection","display_name":"compositional convection","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-number","display_name":"Rayleigh number","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prandtl-number","display_name":"Prandtl number","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-stratification","display_name":"chemical stratification","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomagnetic-field","display_name":"geomagnetic field","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inner-core-boundary","display_name":"inner core boundary","score":0.6909999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.6992999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92354476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857867","display_name":"Outer core","level":3,"score":0.5486000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106836276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898249","display_name":"Rayleigh number","level":4,"score":0.519599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72687893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815306","display_name":"Prandtl number","level":3,"score":0.5105000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54791560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285020","display_name":"Natural convection","level":3,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72782756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q394352","display_name":"Inner core","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41231900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918227","display_name":"Convective heat transfer","level":3,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111603439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193","display_name":"Boundary layer","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189234753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007315","display_name":"Combined forced and natural convection","level":4,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57654094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312138","display_name":"Convection cell","level":5,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132812236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1019460","display_name":"Rayleigh\u2013B\u00e9nard convection","level":5,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46298/jsedi.17084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055795","display_name":"journal of Studies of the Earth\u2019s Deep Interior","issn_l":"3099-2877","issn":["3099-2877"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320059","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure Editions","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320059"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure Editions"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Studies of Earth\u2019s Deep Interior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:241503","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1243-6915>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.03538","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03538","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.03538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/405412","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/405412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.03538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.03538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.03538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46298/jsedi.17084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46298/jsedi.17084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055795","display_name":"journal of Studies of the Earth\u2019s Deep Interior","issn_l":"3099-2877","issn":["3099-2877"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320059","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure Editions","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320059"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure Editions"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Studies of Earth\u2019s Deep Interior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4810528477","display_name":"Beyond 1D Structure of Earth's Core - Reconciling Inferences from Seismic and Geomagnetic Observations","funder_award_id":"NE/W005247/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8187181413","display_name":"Earth's Core as a Layered System","funder_award_id":"NE/V010867/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320298","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415344795.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415344795.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392589902","https://openalex.org/W7214033707","https://openalex.org/W2950981545","https://openalex.org/W2153556674","https://openalex.org/W4322209296","https://openalex.org/W2171723025","https://openalex.org/W2048276079","https://openalex.org/W2612008981","https://openalex.org/W2944552212","https://openalex.org/W4210412006"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convection":[0],"in":[1,81,141,199],"Earth's":[2],"outer":[3],"core":[4,18],"is":[5,23,148],"driven":[6],"by":[7],"the":[8,16,31,41,121,128],"release":[9],"of":[10,171,176,205,207],"heat":[11,49,153],"and":[12,66,76,83,91,100,106,108,112,174,182,191,193],"light":[13,118],"elements":[14,119],"at":[15,94],"inner":[17],"boundary.":[19],"A":[20],"key":[21],"question":[22],"whether":[24,34],"these":[25,72],"buoyancy":[26],"sources":[27],"drive":[28],"convection":[29,93],"throughout":[30],"core,":[32],"or":[33,130],"a":[35,61,168,187,197],"stable":[36,54,65,125,177],"layer":[37],"exists":[38],"just":[39],"below":[40,120],"core-mantle":[42],"boundary":[43,84],"(CMB).":[44],"Recent":[45],"simulations":[46,73,116,143,166],"incorporating":[47],"CMB":[48,152],"flux":[50,102,154],"heterogeneities":[51],"propose":[52],"locally":[53,124],"``regional":[55],"inversion":[56],"lenses''":[57],"(RILs)":[58],"rather":[59],"than":[60],"global":[62,131],"layer,":[63],"allowing":[64],"unstable":[67],"regions":[68,126,139,178],"to":[69,203],"coexist.":[70],"However,":[71],"combine":[74],"thermal":[75,99,146],"compositional":[77,163],"anomalies,":[78],"ignoring":[79],"differences":[80],"diffusivities":[82],"conditions.":[85],"Here":[86],"we":[87],"simulate":[88],"thermal,":[89],"chemical,":[90],"thermochemical":[92,142],"Ekman":[95],"number":[96],"$E=10^{-5}$,":[97],"with":[98,160],"chemical":[101,115],"Rayleigh":[103],"numbers":[104,110],"$\\widetilde{Ra}_T=30-4000$":[105],"$\\widetilde{Ra}_\u03be=30-100000$,":[107],"Prandtl":[109],"$Pr_T=1$":[111],"$Pr_\u03be=10$.":[113],"Purely":[114],"accumulate":[117],"CMB,":[122],"forming":[123],"near":[127],"poles":[129],"layers,":[132],"depending":[133,179],"on":[134,180],"$\\widetilde{Ra}_\u03be$.":[135],"These":[136],"chemically":[137],"stratified":[138,157],"persist":[140],"even":[144,159],"when":[145],"forcing":[147],"destabilising.":[149],"Introducing":[150],"heterogeneous":[151],"produces":[155],"thermally":[156],"RILs":[158],"strongly":[161],"destabilising":[162],"buoyancy.":[164],"Our":[165],"reveal":[167],"diverse":[169],"range":[170],"locations,":[172],"properties,":[173],"morphologies":[175],"$\\widetilde{Ra}_T$":[181],"$\\widetilde{Ra}_\u03be$,":[183],"they":[184],"can":[185],"have":[186,196],"seismically":[188],"detectable":[189],"thickness":[190],"strength":[192],"might":[194],"also":[195],"signature":[198],"geomagnetic":[200],"observations.":[201],"Submitted":[202],"Journal":[204],"Studies":[206],"Earths":[208],"Deep":[209],"Interior":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2025-10-20T00:00:00"}