{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415324931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","title":"Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying the distinct motivational influences of reward and punishment on cognitive control","display_name":"Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying the distinct motivational influences of reward and punishment on cognitive control","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415324931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41279196","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12632972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/18/2025.10.17.682886.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/18/2025.10.17.682886.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052127840","display_name":"Debbie Marianne Yee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-7875","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-7875"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debbie M Yee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-7875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088014306","display_name":"Mahalia Prater Fahey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-2806","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-2806"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahalia Prater Fahey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kings College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kings College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101272715","display_name":"Ziwei Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9247-0427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9247-0427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei M Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9247-0427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008270525","display_name":"Xiamin Leng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-7570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-7570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiamin Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joonhwa Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joonhwa Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070799153","display_name":"Maisy Tarlow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maisy Tarlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120053379","display_name":"Kaitlyn Mundy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitlyn Mundy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079264753","display_name":"Samuel Nevins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Nevins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071496598","display_name":"Amitai Shenhav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-0774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-0774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amitai Shenhav","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052127840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-control","display_name":"cognitive control","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward","display_name":"reward","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"punishment","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivation","display_name":"motivation","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventral-striatum","display_name":"ventral striatum","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dorsal-anterior-cingulate-cortex","display_name":"dorsal anterior cingulate cortex","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inferior-frontal-gyrus","display_name":"inferior frontal gyrus","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effort","display_name":"effort","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-efficiency","display_name":"response efficiency","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-accuracy","display_name":"response accuracy","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-fmri","display_name":"model-based fMRI","score":0.871999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2121931","display_name":"Anterior cingulate cortex","level":3,"score":0.791100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7440999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1319792","display_name":"Ventral striatum","level":4,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140530291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225063","display_name":"Dorsum","level":2,"score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781210436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1892702","display_name":"Cingulate cortex","level":3,"score":0.5248000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.46880000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780062018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1319792","display_name":"Striatum","level":3,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143661069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670713","display_name":"Reward system","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781423396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1558534","display_name":"Inferior frontal gyrus","level":3,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983163835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749520","display_name":"Frontal cortex","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779369059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758383","display_name":"Gyrus","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775956885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3064113","display_name":"Superior frontal gyrus","level":3,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777348757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346577","display_name":"Cortex (anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126139899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818236","display_name":"Attentional control","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778967200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22813086","display_name":"Perceived control","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779991468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3063753","display_name":"Middle frontal gyrus","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32362775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1405524","display_name":"Self-control","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75839","display_name":"Cerebral cortex","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/18/2025.10.17.682886.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:41279196","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41279196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11440455","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12632972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.17.682886","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/18/2025.10.17.682886.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034355787","display_name":"CAREER: The vital role of motivation in cognition","funder_award_id":"2046111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3958462803","display_name":"Brain Science Compute Cluster","funder_award_id":"1s10od025181-01a1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G713834106","display_name":"FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF SPATIAL MEMORY","funder_award_id":"F32MH012638","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000888736","display_name":"COBRE Center for Central Nervous System Function","funder_award_id":"P30GM149405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000902359","display_name":"Training Program for Interactionist Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN)","funder_award_id":"T32MH115895","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000909029","display_name":"Neurocomputational mechanisms of serotonin, sustained stress, and mental effort allocation","funder_award_id":"K99MH133912","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000912686","display_name":"Advancing the Research Careers of Women and PEERs in Brain Science","funder_award_id":"R25NS124530","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415324931.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415324931.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004990666","https://openalex.org/W3134892708","https://openalex.org/W3209261221","https://openalex.org/W4252278980","https://openalex.org/W4399570822","https://openalex.org/W4402768293","https://openalex.org/W6931666312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912677155","https://openalex.org/W2887515664","https://openalex.org/W3175447976","https://openalex.org/W2625260249","https://openalex.org/W2989648425","https://openalex.org/W2005938104","https://openalex.org/W1170985597","https://openalex.org/W2141594097","https://openalex.org/W6944421864","https://openalex.org/W1963965372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"motivation":[1,136],"is":[2,153],"fundamentally":[3],"shaped":[4],"by":[5,63,155],"one's":[6],"expectations":[7],"of":[8,72,89,135,150],"the":[9,18,27,130,147],"reward":[10,157],"they":[11,20],"could":[12],"earn":[13],"for":[14,23],"good":[15],"performance":[16],"or":[17],"penalty":[19],"would":[21],"avoid":[22],"poor":[24],"performance.":[25],"However,":[26],"extent":[28],"to":[29,80,97],"which":[30],"distinct":[31,60],"brain":[32],"regions":[33,100,116],"are":[34],"selectively":[35],"associated":[36,102,118],"with":[37,66,103,109,119,125],"specific":[38],"incentives":[39],"and/or":[40],"their":[41],"corresponding":[42],"influence":[43],"on":[44,137],"control":[45,56,138],"strategy":[46],"remains":[47],"unclear.":[48],"Using":[49],"model-based":[50],"fMRI":[51],"and":[52,69,86,132,140,158],"a":[53],"novel":[54,144],"multi-incentive":[55],"task,":[57],"we":[58],"observed":[59],"neural":[61],"patterns":[62],"incentive":[64],"valence,":[65],"ventral":[67],"striatum":[68],"caudal":[70],"subregion":[71,88],"dorsal":[73,90],"anterior":[74,91],"cingulate":[75,92],"cortex":[76,93],"showing":[77,94],"greater":[78,95],"sensitivity":[79,96],"rewards":[81],"whereas":[82,114],"inferior":[83],"frontal":[84],"gyrus":[85],"rostral":[87],"penalties.":[98],"Reward-sensitive":[99],"were":[101,117],"increased":[104,120,126],"efficiency":[105],"(e.g.,":[106,122],"faster":[107],"responding":[108,124],"moderate":[110],"decreases":[111],"in":[112],"accuracy)":[113],"penalty-sensitive":[115],"caution":[121],"slower":[123],"accuracy).":[127],"We":[128],"disentangled":[129],"global":[131],"selective":[133],"influences":[134],"processes":[139],"subjective":[141],"experience,":[142],"providing":[143],"insight":[145],"into":[146],"neurocomputational":[148],"mechanisms":[149],"how":[151],"effort":[152],"determined":[154],"expected":[156],"punishment.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-10-19T00:00:00"}