{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415228280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2025-0052","title":"Optimizing anisotropy in injection-moulded poly(methyl methacrylate) parts using DOE and simulation","display_name":"Optimizing anisotropy in injection-moulded poly(methyl methacrylate) parts using DOE and simulation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415228280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2025-0052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/ipp-2025-0052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2025-0052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2025-0052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1200972","display_name":"International Polymer Processing","issn_l":"0930-777X","issn":["0930-777X","2195-8602"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Polymer Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119692188","display_name":"Sharath C. Mallikarjun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-4697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-4697"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33585257","display_name":"Anna University, Chennai","ror":"https://ror.org/01qhf1r47","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33585257"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharath C. Mallikarjun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) , Guindy, 600032 , Chennai , India","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Research , Anna University , 600025 , Chennai , India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-4697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) , Guindy, 600032 , Chennai , India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Research , Anna University , 600025 , Chennai , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33585257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109719143","display_name":"Bhuvana K. Periyasamy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhuvana K. Periyasamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) , Guindy, 600032 , Chennai , India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-6486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) , Guindy, 600032 , Chennai , India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110738734","display_name":"R. Joseph Bensingh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6145-2774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6145-2774"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Joseph Bensingh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) , Guindy, 600032 , Chennai , India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6145-2774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) , Guindy, 600032 , Chennai , India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2712},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17184567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"5","first_page":"604","last_page":"622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12080","display_name":"Injection Molding Process and Properties","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12080","display_name":"Injection Molding Process and Properties","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10389","display_name":"Polymer crystallization and properties","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poly-methyl-methacrylate","display_name":"poly(methyl methacrylate)","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injection-molding","display_name":"injection molding","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy","display_name":"anisotropy","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-shrinkage","display_name":"volume shrinkage","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-stress","display_name":"residual stress","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warpage","display_name":"warpage","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-difference","display_name":"density difference","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melt-temperature","display_name":"melt temperature","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mold-temperature","display_name":"mold temperature","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/part-thickness","display_name":"part thickness","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birefringence","display_name":"birefringence","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-components","display_name":"optical components","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"genetic algorithm","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taguchi-method","display_name":"Taguchi method","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moldflow-simulation","display_name":"Moldflow simulation","score":0.652999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8245000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.7721999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.6588000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180145272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7504144","display_name":"Shrinkage","level":2,"score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989464291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146123","display_name":"Polymethyl methacrylate","level":3,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778993590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260606","display_name":"Injection moulding","level":2,"score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37292000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257918","display_name":"Residual stress","level":2,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.4799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4156999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111106434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072430","display_name":"Die (integrated circuit)","level":2,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169222746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116558","display_name":"Factorial experiment","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186394612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098942","display_name":"Optimal design","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132050475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736232","display_name":"Methacrylate","level":4,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166940927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178827","display_name":"Monomer","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/ipp-2025-0052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2025-0052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2025-0052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1200972","display_name":"International Polymer Processing","issn_l":"0930-777X","issn":["0930-777X","2195-8602"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Polymer Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521626576","https://openalex.org/W1929587774","https://openalex.org/W1969548085","https://openalex.org/W1981654438","https://openalex.org/W1996855571","https://openalex.org/W2000378074","https://openalex.org/W2012162884","https://openalex.org/W2015633444","https://openalex.org/W2035473589","https://openalex.org/W2050942719","https://openalex.org/W2054184772","https://openalex.org/W2066595860","https://openalex.org/W2070398104","https://openalex.org/W2081892016","https://openalex.org/W2085161696","https://openalex.org/W2087362212","https://openalex.org/W2088612575","https://openalex.org/W2093836754","https://openalex.org/W2124661313","https://openalex.org/W2144505530","https://openalex.org/W2147485707","https://openalex.org/W2162273003","https://openalex.org/W2290190822","https://openalex.org/W2296437250","https://openalex.org/W2300415044","https://openalex.org/W2492028454","https://openalex.org/W2553276004","https://openalex.org/W2895860178","https://openalex.org/W2897708434","https://openalex.org/W2951665124","https://openalex.org/W2967514410","https://openalex.org/W2999322416","https://openalex.org/W3037335451","https://openalex.org/W4239606211","https://openalex.org/W4318485177","https://openalex.org/W4368371814","https://openalex.org/W4387936902","https://openalex.org/W4401772188","https://openalex.org/W4404922353"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,192,256],"injection":[2,57],"moulding":[3,58],"of":[4,55,63,106,129,151,208,267,287,299,305],"Polymethyl":[5],"Methacrylate":[6],"(PMMA)":[7],"is":[8],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,21,145,271,318,323],"producing":[11,319],"high-precision":[12],"optical":[13,23,48,325],"components":[14],"where":[15],"isotropic":[16,320],"material":[17],"properties":[18],"are":[19,139],"essential":[20],"uniform":[22],"performance.":[24],"Anisotropy,":[25],"manifested":[26],"as":[27,328],"variations":[28,82,207],"in":[29,154,212,217,224,252,310],"volumetric":[30],"shrinkage":[31,251,258],"(Vs),":[32],"residual":[33],"stress":[34],"(Rs),":[35],"warpage,":[36],"and":[37,47,66,117,136,148,156,182,219,239,250,264,275,291,302,330],"density":[38],"difference":[39],"(":[40,165],"\u03b4":[41,225],"d),":[42],"can":[43],"compromise":[44],"dimensional":[45],"stability":[46],"clarity.":[49],"This":[50,280],"study":[51,193],"investigates":[52],"the":[53,61,84,140,152,189,253,268,272,285,296,303,306],"influence":[54],"key":[56],"parameters":[59],"on":[60],"anisotropy":[62,92,312],"3":[64,229,273],"mm":[65,68,204,230,263,266,274,277],"6":[67,203,276],"thick":[69],"PMMA":[70,321],"disks.":[71],"A":[72,159],"novel":[73],"sectional":[74,307],"probing":[75,308],"technique":[76],"was":[77,172],"developed":[78],"to":[79,123,188,228],"assess":[80],"core-to-surface":[81],"along":[83],"z":[85],"-axis,":[86],"offering":[87],"unique":[88],"insights":[89],"into":[90],"internal":[91],"gradients":[93],"that":[94,133,175,196],"conventional":[95],"methods":[96],"often":[97],"overlook.":[98],"We":[99],"employed":[100],"a":[101,220,235,315],"synergistic":[102],"approach":[103],"combining":[104],"Design":[105],"Experiments":[107],"(DOE)":[108],"with":[109,202],"Taguchi\u2019s":[110],"method,":[111],"finite":[112],"element":[113],"simulation":[114,245],"using":[115,234],"Moldflow,":[116],"multi-objective":[118],"optimization":[119,176,292],"via":[120],"genetic":[121],"algorithms":[122],"identify":[124],"optimal":[125],"process":[126],"conditions.":[127],"Analysis":[128],"Variance":[130],"(ANOVA)":[131],"revealed":[132],"melt":[134],"temperature":[135,138],"mould":[137],"most":[141],"significant":[142],"factors,":[143],"accounting":[144],"60":[146],"%":[147,150,181,186,210,215,222],"36":[149],"variance":[153],"Vs":[155,178],"Rs,":[157],"respectively.":[158,279],"highly":[160],"predictive":[161],"linear":[162,236],"regression":[163],"model":[164],"R":[166],"Pred":[167],".":[168],"2":[169],"${R}_{\\text{Pred}.}^{2}$":[170],">0.95)":[171],"developed,":[173],"demonstrating":[174],"reduced":[177,248],"by":[179,184],"4":[180],"Rs":[183,218],"9":[185],"compared":[187,227],"initial":[190],"trials.":[191],"also":[194,294],"found":[195],"part":[197,300],"thickness":[198,301],"significantly":[199],"amplifies":[200],"anisotropy,":[201],"parts":[205,322],"exhibiting":[206],"54":[209,214],"increase":[211],"Vs,":[213],"decrease":[216],"43":[221],"rise":[223],"d":[226],"parts.":[231,255],"Experimental":[232],"validation":[233],"polarized":[237],"microscope":[238],"dial":[240],"gauge":[241],"measurements":[242],"confirmed":[243],"these":[244],"results,":[246],"showing":[247],"birefringence":[249],"optimized":[254],"experimental":[257],"values":[259,270],"were":[260],"within":[261],"0.02":[262],"0.06":[265],"simulated":[269],"disks,":[278],"work":[281],"not":[282],"only":[283],"demonstrates":[284],"efficacy":[286],"integrating":[288],"DOE,":[289],"simulation,":[290],"but":[293],"highlights":[295],"critical":[297],"role":[298],"novelty":[304],"method":[309],"elucidating":[311],"mechanisms,":[313],"providing":[314],"robust":[316],"methodology":[317],"advanced":[324],"applications":[326],"such":[327],"lenses":[329],"light":[331],"guides.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}
