{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415224937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","title":"IG-APSO-DNN: Deep learning intrusion detection model to detect false data injection attacks in smart grids","display_name":"IG-APSO-DNN: Deep learning intrusion detection model to detect false data injection attacks in smart grids","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415224937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177528","display_name":"Ad Hoc Networks","issn_l":"1570-8705","issn":["1570-8705","1570-8713"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ad Hoc Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102721807","display_name":"Saad Hammood Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4407-0524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4407-0524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saad Hammood Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4407-0524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059177071","display_name":"Mandeep S. Jit Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-8531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-8531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mandeep S. Jit Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017939427","display_name":"Abdulmajeed Hammadi Jasim Al-Jumaily","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-6075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-6075"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmajeed Al-Jumaily","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748844","display_name":"Mohammad Tariqul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1104-5725","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1104-5725"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Tariqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778722","display_name":"Md. Shabiul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-7249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-7249"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Shabiul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055728548","display_name":"Abdulmajeed M. Alenezi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5220-4531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5220-4531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmajeed M. Alenezi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084826141","display_name":"Mohamad A. Alawad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7108","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7108"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad A. Alawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudia Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudia Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067109926","display_name":"Muaadh A. Alsoufi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1404-4146","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1404-4146"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muaadh A. Alsoufi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1404-4146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059177071","https://openalex.org/A5100748844","https://openalex.org/A5100778722","https://openalex.org/A5102721807"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219","https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"apc_list":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"apc_paid":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"fwci":3.7592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93849856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"180","issue":null,"first_page":"104053","last_page":"104053"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-data-injection-attacks","display_name":"false data injection attacks","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid-security","display_name":"smart grid security","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection","display_name":"intrusion detection","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-gain-feature-selection","display_name":"information gain feature selection","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"adaptive particle swarm optimization","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-network","display_name":"deep neural network","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-measurement","display_name":"power system measurement","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-systems","display_name":"industrial control systems","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberattack-detection","display_name":"cyberattack detection","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.704800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7008000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.498199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177528","display_name":"Ad Hoc Networks","issn_l":"1570-8705","issn":["1570-8705","1570-8713"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ad Hoc Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:15310","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/15310/1/3.pdf","pdf_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/15310/1/3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177528","display_name":"Ad Hoc Networks","issn_l":"1570-8705","issn":["1570-8705","1570-8713"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ad Hoc Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2088325035","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2337344967","https://openalex.org/W2883055448","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2984195658","https://openalex.org/W3000558406","https://openalex.org/W3019913914","https://openalex.org/W3130070946","https://openalex.org/W3135387830","https://openalex.org/W3200617211","https://openalex.org/W3209927620","https://openalex.org/W3214465091","https://openalex.org/W4214507532","https://openalex.org/W4226078519","https://openalex.org/W4254207912","https://openalex.org/W4283747666","https://openalex.org/W4285129325","https://openalex.org/W4285413689","https://openalex.org/W4294811472","https://openalex.org/W4307021901","https://openalex.org/W4307904726","https://openalex.org/W4308158032","https://openalex.org/W4319297852","https://openalex.org/W4324143953","https://openalex.org/W4380905914","https://openalex.org/W4386223270","https://openalex.org/W4386608804","https://openalex.org/W4386914058","https://openalex.org/W4389946457","https://openalex.org/W4390817755","https://openalex.org/W4391092556","https://openalex.org/W4391313816","https://openalex.org/W4391404359","https://openalex.org/W4391741596","https://openalex.org/W4392660779","https://openalex.org/W4396921226","https://openalex.org/W4399217329","https://openalex.org/W4400424457","https://openalex.org/W4401864229","https://openalex.org/W4403009958","https://openalex.org/W4403723519","https://openalex.org/W4404102586","https://openalex.org/W4404636199","https://openalex.org/W4406479442","https://openalex.org/W4406862359","https://openalex.org/W4406983072","https://openalex.org/W4411336804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406862359","https://openalex.org/W2969178187","https://openalex.org/W4396921226","https://openalex.org/W4413683685","https://openalex.org/W7139953702","https://openalex.org/W7117407114","https://openalex.org/W7166649455","https://openalex.org/W7157155033","https://openalex.org/W4391741596","https://openalex.org/W4399995176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"False":[0],"Data":[1],"Injection":[2],"Attacks":[3],"(FDIAs)":[4],"present":[5],"a":[6,105,143,211],"significant":[7],"threat":[8],"to":[9,21,45,84,89,148],"smart":[10,114,157,206],"grids":[11],"by":[12],"manipulating":[13],"measurement":[14],"data,":[15,57],"which":[16,176],"may":[17],"lead":[18],"control":[19],"centers":[20],"make":[22],"incorrect":[23],"operational":[24],"decisions.":[25],"Accurate":[26],"and":[27,51,58,66,95,123,135,153,198,216,231,234],"efficient":[28],"detection":[29,75,194],"of":[30,74,204,227],"FDIAs":[31,87,112],"is":[32,163],"critical":[33],"for":[34,110,129],"ensuring":[35,201],"reliable":[36,202],"grid":[37,56,158],"operation.":[38],"Existing":[39],"deep":[40,107],"learning":[41,108],"approaches":[42],"often":[43],"fail":[44],"capture":[46,150],"both":[47,151],"short-term":[48],"local":[49],"features":[50],"long-term":[52],"dependencies":[53],"in":[54,113,156],"power":[55],"they":[59],"typically":[60],"show":[61],"weak":[62],"correlations":[63],"with":[64],"past":[65],"future":[67,218],"time":[68],"series":[69],"information,":[70],"reducing":[71,132],"the":[72,166,205],"trustworthiness":[73],"results.":[76],"Similarly,":[77],"conventional":[78],"Intrusion":[79],"Detection":[80],"Systems":[81],"(IDS)":[82],"struggle":[83],"detect":[85],"advanced":[86],"due":[88],"their":[90],"reliance":[91],"on":[92,165],"predefined":[93],"signatures":[94],"rule-based":[96],"mechanisms.":[97],"To":[98],"overcome":[99],"these":[100],"limitations,":[101],"we":[102],"propose":[103],"IG-APSO-DNN,":[104],"two-stage":[106],"model":[109,137,162],"detecting":[111],"grids.":[115],"The":[116,139,160],"first":[117],"stage":[118,141],"employs":[119],"Information":[120],"Gain":[121],"(IG)":[122],"Adaptive":[124],"Particle":[125],"Swarm":[126],"Optimization":[127],"(APSO)":[128],"feature":[130],"selection,":[131],"data":[133],"dimensionality":[134],"improving":[136,189],"efficiency.":[138],"second":[140],"uses":[142],"Deep":[144],"Neural":[145],"Network":[146],"(DNN)":[147],"effectively":[149],"spatial":[152],"temporal":[154],"patterns":[155],"measurements.":[159],"proposed":[161],"evaluated":[164],"Industrial":[167],"Control":[168],"System":[169,174],"(ICS)":[170],"Cyber":[171],"Attack":[172],"Power":[173],"Dataset,":[175],"simulates":[177],"various":[178],"FDIA":[179],"scenarios.":[180],"Results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"that":[183],"IG-APSO-DNN":[184],"significantly":[185],"outperforms":[186],"traditional":[187],"methods,":[188],"key":[190],"performance":[191],"metrics":[192],"including":[193],"accuracy,":[195],"precision,":[196],"recall,":[197],"F-measure,":[199],"while":[200],"operation":[203],"grid.":[207],"This":[208],"study":[209],"presents":[210],"robust":[212],"anomaly-based":[213],"IDS":[214],"framework":[215],"highlights":[217],"directions,":[219],"such":[220],"as":[221],"real-world":[222],"validation,":[223],"adaptive":[224],"learning,":[225],"exploration":[226],"novel":[228],"optimization":[229],"algorithms,":[230],"addressing":[232],"scalability":[233],"real-time":[235],"processing":[236],"challenges.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}