{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415134377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.02671","title":"Test-Time Distillation for Continual Model Adaptation","display_name":"Test-Time Distillation for Continual Model Adaptation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415134377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.02671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.02671","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02671","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.02671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.02671","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen, Xiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068074520","display_name":"Jiazhen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0759-0987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0759-0987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Jiazhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liu, Zhiming","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Zhiming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019391954","display_name":"Qinting Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-9677","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-9677"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Qinting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113011597","display_name":"Fanding Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Fanding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032508900","display_name":"Jingyan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4897-2645","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4897-2645"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Jingyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Technology University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Technology University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376401","display_name":"Zhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-2980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-2980","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4459-6462"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Zhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School , Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continual-test-time-adaptation","display_name":"continual test-time adaptation","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-shift","display_name":"distribution shift","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-language-models","display_name":"vision-language models","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-drift","display_name":"model drift","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-transport","display_name":"optimal transport","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediction-fusion","display_name":"prediction fusion","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imagenet-c","display_name":"ImageNet-C","score":0.7099999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7035999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.02671","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02671","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.02671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.02671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.02671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.02671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.02671","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02671","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.02671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1314921682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJZD20240903102300001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4264659296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92467204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8973540564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319297","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415134377.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415134377.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"often":[3],"suffer":[4],"performance":[5,103],"degradation":[6],"upon":[7],"deployment":[8],"due":[9,123],"to":[10,18,35,47,101,124,136,145,214],"distribution":[11],"shifts.":[12],"Continual":[13,158],"Test-Time":[14,56],"Adaptation":[15],"(CTTA)":[16],"aims":[17],"address":[19],"this":[20,52],"issue":[21],"in":[22],"an":[23,36,74,210],"unsupervised":[24],"manner.":[25],"However,":[26],"existing":[27],"methods":[28],"that":[29,41,81,230],"rely":[30],"on":[31,104,120,246],"self-supervision":[32],"are":[33],"prone":[34],"inherent":[37],"self-referential":[38],"feedback":[39],"loop":[40],"amplifies":[42],"initial":[43],"prediction":[44],"errors,":[45],"leading":[46],"model":[48,116,149],"drift.":[49],"We":[50],"revisit":[51],"limitation":[53],"and":[54,107,109,142,160,180,224],"propose":[55],"Distillation":[57,159],"(TTD),":[58],"which":[59],"reframes":[60],"adaptation":[61],"as":[62,73,196],"a":[63,68,138,157,168,197],"distillation":[64,83],"process":[65],"guided":[66],"by":[67,172,190,237],"frozen":[69],"Vision-Language":[70],"Model":[71],"(VLM)":[72],"external":[75],"signal.":[76],"While":[77],"promising,":[78],"we":[79,154],"find":[80],"direct":[82],"is":[84,250],"fraught":[85],"with":[86,218,239],"two":[87],"pitfalls:":[88],"(1)":[89],"the":[90,94,111,125,134,147,175,178,181,187,219],"Generalist":[91],"Trap,":[92],"where":[93,114],"VLM's":[95],"broad":[96],"but":[97],"non-specialized":[98],"knowledge":[99],"leads":[100],"suboptimal":[102],"specific":[105],"tasks":[106],"shifts;":[108],"(2)":[110],"Entropy":[112,188],"Bias,":[113],"naive":[115],"fusion":[117],"techniques":[118],"based":[119],"entropy":[121],"fail":[122],"disparate":[126],"calibration":[127],"of":[128,177,242],"heterogeneous":[129],"models.":[130],"These":[131],"pitfalls":[132],"highlight":[133],"need":[135],"build":[137],"robust":[139,169],"supervisory":[140],"signal":[141],"leverage":[143],"it":[144,185,208],"guide":[146],"target":[148,182],"toward":[150],"stable":[151,225],"adaptation.":[152,226],"Hence,":[153],"present":[155],"CoDiRe,":[156],"Rectification":[161],"framework":[162],"for":[163,202],"TTD.":[164],"CoDiRe":[165,231],"first":[166],"constructs":[167],"blended":[170,220],"teacher":[171],"dynamically":[173],"fusing":[174],"predictions":[176,217],"VLM":[179],"model.":[183],"Critically,":[184],"circumvents":[186],"Bias":[189],"leveraging":[191],"Maximum":[192],"Softmax":[193],"Probability":[194],"(MSP)":[195],"more":[198],"reliable":[199],"confidence":[200],"metric":[201],"weighting":[203],"each":[204],"model's":[205],"expertise.":[206],"Then":[207],"applies":[209],"Optimal":[211],"Transport-based":[212],"rectification":[213],"further":[215],"align":[216],"teacher,":[221],"enabling":[222],"continuous":[223],"Extensive":[227],"experiments":[228],"show":[229],"outperforms":[232],"state-of-the-art":[233],"baselines,":[234],"exceeding":[235],"CoTTA":[236],"10.55%":[238],"only":[240],"48%":[241],"its":[243],"time":[244],"cost":[245],"ImageNet-C.":[247],"Project":[248],"page":[249],"publicly":[251],"available":[252],"at":[253],"https://github.com/walawalagoose/TTD.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}