{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415069985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","title":"An innovative methodology for determining origin-based components of the water cycle: Application to the Zanjan alluvial aquifer, Iran","display_name":"An innovative methodology for determining origin-based components of the water cycle: Application to the Zanjan alluvial aquifer, Iran","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415069985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194378","display_name":"Environmental Challenges","issn_l":"2667-0100","issn":["2667-0100"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Challenges","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015264851","display_name":"Mostafa Naderi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3419-5016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3419-5016"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161028277","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00bzsst90","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161028277"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Naderi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3419-5016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161028277"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015264851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161028277"],"apc_list":{"value":2140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2140},"apc_paid":{"value":2140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2140},"fwci":0.3111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46034223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"101347","last_page":"101347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.3833000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.3833000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.2939000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.19920000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thornthwaite-mather-method","display_name":"Thornthwaite-Mather method","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/richards-equation","display_name":"Richards equation","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-recharge","display_name":"groundwater recharge","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-rainfall","display_name":"effective rainfall","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-return-flow","display_name":"irrigation return flow","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-application-efficiency","display_name":"irrigation application efficiency","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evapotranspiration","display_name":"evapotranspiration","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/percolation","display_name":"percolation","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture","display_name":"soil moisture","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-management","display_name":"groundwater management","score":0.9089999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6189000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780457167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156484","display_name":"Percolation (cognitive psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5461000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66465714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148989","display_name":"Water balance","level":2,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174091901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670986","display_name":"Groundwater recharge","level":4,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176783924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828158","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","level":2,"score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131227075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611028","display_name":"Groundwater flow","level":4,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32552466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465088","display_name":"Alluvial fan","level":3,"score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53739315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295","display_name":"Streamflow","level":3,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780793598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7317163","display_name":"Return flow","level":3,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988574769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2259545","display_name":"Water flow","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69823785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6185405","display_name":"Alluvium","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35588792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479708","display_name":"Vadose zone","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176650113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370689","display_name":"Groundwater model","level":5,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194378","display_name":"Environmental Challenges","issn_l":"2667-0100","issn":["2667-0100"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Challenges","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194378","display_name":"Environmental Challenges","issn_l":"2667-0100","issn":["2667-0100"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Challenges","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324498","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00bzsst90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507163784","https://openalex.org/W1963974637","https://openalex.org/W1970686932","https://openalex.org/W1979275244","https://openalex.org/W1991705563","https://openalex.org/W2002851672","https://openalex.org/W2008199280","https://openalex.org/W2026459496","https://openalex.org/W2032600630","https://openalex.org/W2033462462","https://openalex.org/W2067205153","https://openalex.org/W2068673940","https://openalex.org/W2070033914","https://openalex.org/W2071213676","https://openalex.org/W2110509296","https://openalex.org/W2122204772","https://openalex.org/W2152608230","https://openalex.org/W2212870207","https://openalex.org/W2254890128","https://openalex.org/W2275782739","https://openalex.org/W2297385415","https://openalex.org/W2314374824","https://openalex.org/W2403170145","https://openalex.org/W2418318194","https://openalex.org/W2765333801","https://openalex.org/W2805591044","https://openalex.org/W2884460117","https://openalex.org/W2887922773","https://openalex.org/W2943171132","https://openalex.org/W2945127235","https://openalex.org/W2950610777","https://openalex.org/W2995313919","https://openalex.org/W3013129702","https://openalex.org/W3015297732","https://openalex.org/W3017324626","https://openalex.org/W3112143685","https://openalex.org/W3160934637","https://openalex.org/W3171048965","https://openalex.org/W4210714232","https://openalex.org/W4211183298","https://openalex.org/W4280612021","https://openalex.org/W4309000417","https://openalex.org/W4319031898","https://openalex.org/W4367316261","https://openalex.org/W4385986048","https://openalex.org/W4386693402","https://openalex.org/W4404283805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3129141254","https://openalex.org/W2275652216","https://openalex.org/W2041458426","https://openalex.org/W2945514162","https://openalex.org/W2950610777","https://openalex.org/W2355956913","https://openalex.org/W7071423375","https://openalex.org/W2383661191","https://openalex.org/W3035149044","https://openalex.org/W4390462031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,14,25,37,46],"A":[1],"novel":[2,80],"methodology":[3],"is":[4,192],"presented":[5],"to":[6,29,100,162,198,215,265,271,289,306,311],"quantify":[7],"water":[8,60,262],"cycle":[9],"components":[10,62,88,156],"based":[11],"on":[12,106],"origin":[13],"It":[15,26,104],"integrates":[16],"a":[17,64,79,110,119,195,266],"modified":[18,111],"Thornthwaite-Mather":[19,112],"approach":[20,113],"and":[21,43,53,73,86,95,118,136,147,154,168,179,184,210,218,225,232,263,280,298],"unsaturated":[22,131,254],"zone":[23,117,244,255],"modeling":[24,128],"provides":[27],"information":[28],"estimate":[30,163],"four":[31,174],"key":[32,65],"coefficients":[33,39,48,164,175,206],"for":[34,83,127,181,207,284],"groundwater":[35,68,96,102,182,278],"management":[36],"Precipitation-originated":[38],"are":[40,49,176,213,228,282],"precipitation":[41,45,85,135,145,153,166,208,212],"percolation":[42,94,158,167,209],"effective":[44,144,211],"Irrigation-originated":[47],"irrigation":[50,148,169,222,296],"return":[51,170,226],"flow":[52,227],"application":[54,149,223],"efficiency":[55,224],"Distinguishing":[56],"the":[57,107,115,124,130,140,143,200,205,236,242,247,253,257,275,285,290],"origins":[58],"of":[59,89,109,123,129,134,142,157,165,260,269,292,295],"balance":[61],"remains":[63],"challenge":[66],"in":[67,71,114],"management,":[69],"particularly":[70],"arid":[72],"semi-arid":[74],"environments.":[75],"This":[76],"study":[77,197],"introduces":[78],"methodological":[81],"framework":[82],"separating":[84],"irrigation-originated":[87,137,155],"actual":[90],"evapotranspiration,":[91],"soil":[92,299],"moisture,":[93],"recharge,":[97],"ultimately":[98],"contributing":[99],"improved":[101],"management.":[103,185],"relies":[105],"integration":[108],"root":[116,243],"new":[120],"form":[121],"(origin-based)":[122],"Richards":[125],"equation":[126],"area.":[132],"Estimation":[133],"evapotranspiration":[138,281],"enables":[139],"determination":[141],"coefficient":[146],"efficiency,":[150],"respectively.":[151,172],"Meanwhile,":[152],"can":[159],"be":[160,216],"used":[161],"flow,":[171],"These":[173],"practically":[177],"important":[178],"necessary":[180],"planning":[183],"The":[186],"Zanjan":[187],"alluvial":[188],"aquifer,":[189],"northwestern":[190],"Iran,":[191],"selected":[193],"as":[194,230],"case":[196],"validate":[199],"methodology.":[201],"Results":[202],"indicate":[203],"that":[204],"estimated":[214],"27.7%":[217],"73%,":[219],"respectively,":[220,234],"while":[221],"calculated":[229],"87.1%":[231],"12.6%,":[233],"during":[235,250],"observation":[237],"period":[238],"2002\u20132021.":[239],"Percolation":[240],"from":[241],"occurs":[245],"throughout":[246],"year,":[248],"except":[249],"summer;":[251],"however,":[252],"reduces":[256],"temporal":[258],"variability":[259],"percolated":[261],"leads":[264],"recharge":[267,279],"delay":[268],"three":[270],"six":[272],"months":[273],"within":[274],"aquifer.":[276],"Here,":[277],"assessed":[283],"entire":[286],"aquifer":[287],"due":[288],"lack":[291],"spatial":[293],"distribution":[294],"data":[297,310],"properties.":[300],"However,":[301],"future":[302],"works":[303],"may":[304],"tend":[305],"reproduce":[307],"spatially":[308],"distributed":[309],"overcome":[312],"this":[313],"main":[314],"limitation.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-12T00:00:00"}