{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415066917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736","title":"A Survey of AI Agent Protocols","display_name":"A Survey of AI Agent Protocols","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415066917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.16736","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16736","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16736","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16736","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108151310","display_name":"Yingxuan Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yingxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104297727","display_name":"Huacan Chai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4313-6516","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4313-6516"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chai, Huacan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Song, Yuanyi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Yuanyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043510420","display_name":"Siyuan Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-733X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-733X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Siyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049802452","display_name":"Muning Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7868-1262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7868-1262"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen, Muning","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368962","display_name":"Ning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6510-1687","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6510-1687"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liao, Junwei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liao, Junwei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hu, Haoyi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Haoyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036057873","display_name":"Jianghao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8953-3203","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8953-3203"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Jianghao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chang, Gaowei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang, Gaowei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101500385","display_name":"Weiwen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9148-3997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9148-3997"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Weiwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104546839","display_name":"Ying Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1247-2382","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1247-2382","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6974-5110","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6354-1168"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen, Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001571390","display_name":"Yong Hai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-8271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-8271"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090720315","display_name":"Weinan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-2425","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-2425"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Weinan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , ANP Community"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , ANP Community","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.44290000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.44290000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.367900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.02669999934732914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-based-agents","display_name":"LLM agents","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-communication-protocols","display_name":"agent communication protocols","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tool-integration","display_name":"tool integration","score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-communication","display_name":"agent communication","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-classification","display_name":"protocol classification","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-intelligence","display_name":"collective intelligence","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"scalability","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-computing","display_name":"security (computing)","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"latency","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"privacy preservation","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layered-architecture","display_name":"layered architecture","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-cooperation","display_name":"agent cooperation","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7426999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89057211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432197","display_name":"Collective intelligence","level":2,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.16736","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16736","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16736","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.16736","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16736","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16736","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415066917.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415066917.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7150960346","https://openalex.org/W7165207425","https://openalex.org/W4414898877","https://openalex.org/W7170998050","https://openalex.org/W4416525356","https://openalex.org/W7204545067","https://openalex.org/W7211880427","https://openalex.org/W4416765958","https://openalex.org/W7092312867","https://openalex.org/W7154942977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,14,60,110,122,149,167],"large":[4],"language":[5],"models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"has":[8,40],"led":[9],"to":[10,50,68,79,100,205,217],"the":[11,108,118,164],"widespread":[12],"deployment":[13],"LLM":[15,33,89],"agents":[16,34,49,67,90,97],"across":[17,152],"diverse":[18],"industries,":[19],"including":[20],"customer":[21],"service,":[22],"content":[23],"generation,":[24],"data":[25,56],"analysis,":[26],"and":[27,74,98,106,137,159,175,187,197,214],"even":[28],"healthcare.":[29],"However,":[30],"as":[31,156,190,192,207],"more":[32,102],"are":[35],"deployed,":[36],"a":[37,127,145,208],"major":[38],"issue":[39],"emerged:":[41],"there":[42],"is":[43],"no":[44],"standard":[45],"way":[46],"for":[47,66,88,178,211,225],"these":[48,150],"communicate":[51],"with":[52],"external":[53],"tools":[54,99],"or":[55,71,220],"sources.":[57],"This":[58],"lack":[59],"standardized":[61],"protocols":[62,136,151,169],"makes":[63],"it":[64,75],"difficult":[65],"work":[69,204],"together":[70],"scale":[72],"effectively,":[73],"limits":[76],"their":[77],"ability":[78],"tackle":[80],"complex,":[81],"real-world":[82],"tasks.":[83],"A":[84],"unified":[85],"communication":[86,223],"protocol":[87],"could":[91],"change":[92],"this.":[93],"It":[94],"would":[95],"allow":[96],"interact":[101],"smoothly,":[103],"encourage":[104],"collaboration,":[105],"triggering":[107],"formation":[109],"collective":[111,198],"intelligence.":[112],"In":[113],"this":[114,203],"paper,":[115],"we":[116,143,162],"provide":[117],"first":[119],"comprehensive":[120],"analysis":[121,148],"existing":[123],"agent":[124,168],"protocols,":[125],"proposing":[126],"systematic":[128],"two-dimensional":[129],"classification":[130],"that":[131],"differentiates":[132],"context-oriented":[133],"versus":[134,139],"inter-agent":[135],"general-purpose":[138],"domain-specific":[140],"protocols.":[141,180],"Additionally,":[142],"conduct":[144],"comparative":[146],"performance":[147],"key":[153],"dimensions":[154],"such":[155],"security,":[157],"scalability,":[158],"latency.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"explore":[163],"future":[165],"landscape":[166],"by":[170],"identifying":[171],"critical":[172],"research":[173],"directions":[174],"characteristics":[176,182],"necessary":[177],"next-generation":[179],"These":[181],"include":[183],"adaptability,":[184],"privacy":[185],"preservation,":[186],"group-based":[188],"interaction,":[189],"well":[191],"trends":[193],"toward":[194],"layered":[195],"architectures":[196],"intelligence":[199],"infrastructures.":[200],"We":[201],"expect":[202],"serve":[206],"practical":[209],"reference":[210],"both":[212],"researchers":[213],"engineers":[215],"seeking":[216],"design,":[218],"evaluate,":[219],"integrate":[221],"robust":[222],"infrastructures":[224],"intelligent":[226],"agents.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}