{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415041591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","title":"EECH HEED an adaptive hybrid clustering protocol for energy efficient soil monitoring in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","display_name":"EECH HEED an adaptive hybrid clustering protocol for energy efficient soil monitoring in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415041591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41073485","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12514238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-19480-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-19480-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101289127","display_name":"Shinder Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5705-4016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5705-4016"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165682329","display_name":"Guru Nanak Dev University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ghzpa93","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shinder Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India. shinderk1995@gmail.com","Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Swami Swatantranand Memorial College, Dinanagar, 143531, India. shinderk1995@gmail.com","Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India. shinderk1995@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Swami Swatantranand Memorial College, Dinanagar, 143531, India. shinderk1995@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044268277","display_name":"Satveer Kour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4826-3366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4826-3366"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165682329","display_name":"Guru Nanak Dev University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ghzpa93","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satveer Kour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028411273","display_name":"Manjit Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3351-7287","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3351-7287"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165682329","display_name":"Guru Nanak Dev University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ghzpa93","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manjit Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus, Jalandhar, 44009, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus, Jalandhar, 44009, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101289127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165682329"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":1.4927,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8160685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"35548","last_page":"35548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14353","display_name":"Wireless Sensor Networks for Data Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficient-clustering","display_name":"energy-efficient clustering","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-health-monitoring","display_name":"soil health monitoring","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-head-selection","display_name":"cluster head selection","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heed","display_name":"HEED","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-lifetime","display_name":"network lifetime","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"precision agriculture","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-overhead","display_name":"control overhead","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-delivery-ratio","display_name":"packet delivery ratio","score":0.8519999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7587000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7577000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5953999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.47380000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.43130001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539469273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749732","display_name":"Environmental monitoring","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-19480-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11322333","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12514238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:41073485","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41073485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12514238","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12514238/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13b8836581c24650af895d9fbfb38131","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13b8836581c24650af895d9fbfb38131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-29 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19480-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-19480-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5666999816894531,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415041591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415041591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077751830","https://openalex.org/W2760612026","https://openalex.org/W2932453485","https://openalex.org/W2945663872","https://openalex.org/W3116032683","https://openalex.org/W3119302445","https://openalex.org/W3124111919","https://openalex.org/W3135774809","https://openalex.org/W3160546431","https://openalex.org/W3169653155","https://openalex.org/W3176184800","https://openalex.org/W3208886600","https://openalex.org/W3212576915","https://openalex.org/W3217710751","https://openalex.org/W4286462210","https://openalex.org/W4293152436","https://openalex.org/W4306377054","https://openalex.org/W4307941329","https://openalex.org/W4309294142","https://openalex.org/W4312734227","https://openalex.org/W4384666057","https://openalex.org/W4391707561","https://openalex.org/W4395000872","https://openalex.org/W4404391034","https://openalex.org/W4405419160","https://openalex.org/W4407031910","https://openalex.org/W4407203175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7151549317","https://openalex.org/W1998518994","https://openalex.org/W7204995679","https://openalex.org/W2341569805","https://openalex.org/W2188082953","https://openalex.org/W4412830256","https://openalex.org/W4408358106","https://openalex.org/W3004238622","https://openalex.org/W3001340540","https://openalex.org/W7117710569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"Sensor":[1],"Networks":[2],"(WSNs)":[3],"play":[4],"a":[5,26,66,83,94,154,205,241,249,258,299],"pivotal":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,76,167,244,252,262],"precision":[9],"agriculture,":[10],"especially":[11],"for":[12,73,107,304],"real-time":[13,168],"soil":[14,74,306],"health":[15,307],"monitoring.":[16,308],"However,":[17],"the":[18,90,115,139,187,230,268,275,282,285],"limited":[19,49],"energy":[20,103,128,176,183],"capacity":[21],"of":[22,190,278,284],"sensor":[23,191],"nodes":[24,280],"poses":[25],"significant":[27],"challenge":[28],"to":[29,51,132,322],"achieving":[30],"prolonged":[31],"network":[32],"lifetime":[33],"and":[34,54,68,104,129,135,161,174,185,229,257,274,293,301,319],"consistent":[35],"data":[36,316],"transmission.":[37],"Existing":[38],"clustering":[39,70,124,142],"protocols":[40,219],"often":[41],"struggle":[42],"with":[43,314],"inefficient":[44],"cluster":[45],"head":[46],"(CH)":[47],"selection,":[48],"adaptability":[50],"heterogeneous":[52,77,206],"environments,":[53],"excessive":[55],"control":[56,263],"overhead.":[57,264],"To":[58],"address":[59],"these":[60],"issues,":[61],"this":[62],"paper":[63],"proposes":[64],"EECH-HEED,":[65],"hybrid":[67,141],"energy-efficient":[69],"model":[71,194],"designed":[72],"monitoring":[75],"WSNs.":[78],"The":[79,193],"proposed":[80],"protocol":[81],"utilizes":[82],"dual-zone":[84],"architecture:":[85],"Zone":[86,110],"1,":[87],"located":[88],"near":[89],"base":[91,116],"station,":[92,117],"implements":[93],"HEED-based":[95],"CH":[96],"selection":[97],"mechanism":[98],"that":[99],"considers":[100],"both":[101],"residual":[102,127],"communication":[105],"cost":[106],"energy-aware":[108,295],"clustering.":[109],"2,":[111],"positioned":[112],"farther":[113],"from":[114],"employs":[118],"an":[119],"enhanced":[120],"EECH-based":[121],"hierarchical":[122,294],"multi-hop":[123],"strategy,":[125],"using":[126,198],"node":[130,175],"degree":[131],"select":[133],"primary":[134],"secondary":[136],"CHs.":[137],"Unlike":[138],"threshold-based":[140,156],"approach":[143],"which,":[144],"despite":[145],"reducing":[146],"redundant":[147],"transmissions,":[148],"relies":[149],"on":[150,170,204],"static":[151],"thresholds-EECH-HEED":[152],"introduces":[153],"dynamic":[155],"sensing":[157],"mechanism.":[158],"Here,":[159],"hard":[160],"soft":[162],"thresholds":[163],"are":[164],"continuously":[165],"adjusted":[166],"based":[169],"environmental":[171],"change":[172],"rates":[173],"levels.":[177],"This":[178],"adaptive":[179,291],"strategy":[180],"significantly":[181],"reduces":[182],"consumption":[184],"extends":[186],"operational":[188],"lifespan":[189],"nodes.":[192],"was":[195,215],"rigorously":[196],"tested":[197],"MATLAB":[199],"simulations":[200],"over":[201],"5000":[202],"rounds":[203],"WSN":[207],"setup":[208],"inspired":[209],"by":[210,281],"real":[211],"agricultural":[212],"scenarios.":[213],"Performance":[214],"benchmarked":[216],"against":[217],"leading":[218],"including":[220],"LEACH,":[221],"HEED,":[222],"EECH,":[223],"TCO,":[224],"FPA,":[225],"MIMO-HC,":[226],"HTCCR,":[227],"EEHP,":[228],"HCRT":[231],"model.":[232],"EECH-HEED":[233,297],"demonstrated":[234],"marked":[235],"improvements":[236],"across":[237],"multiple":[238],"performance":[239],"metrics-achieving":[240],"33%":[242],"reduction":[243,261],"Total":[245],"Energy":[246],"Consumption":[247],"(TEC),":[248],"15%":[250],"increase":[251],"Packet":[253],"Delivery":[254],"Ratio":[255],"(PDR),":[256],"nearly":[259],"50%":[260],"It":[265],"also":[266],"recorded":[267],"lowest":[269],"End-to-End":[270],"Delay":[271],"(190":[272],"ms)":[273],"highest":[276],"number":[277],"alive":[279],"end":[283],"simulation.":[286],"With":[287],"its":[288,312],"zone-based":[289],"design,":[290],"thresholding,":[292],"clustering,":[296],"presents":[298],"scalable":[300],"low-overhead":[302],"solution":[303],"sustainable":[305],"Future":[309],"work":[310],"includes":[311],"integration":[313],"UAV-based":[315],"collection":[317],"systems":[318],"IoT":[320],"platforms":[321],"support":[323],"intelligent":[324],"farming":[325],"infrastructures.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}
