{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415034026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049","title":"Fairness-Aware Multi-Agent Learning-based Task Offloading in Dynamic Vehicular Scenarios","display_name":"Fairness-Aware Multi-Agent Learning-based Task Offloading in Dynamic Vehicular Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415034026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking and Applications (MetaCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101781380","display_name":"Ziqi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5736-3474","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5736-3474"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Berlin,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090203798","display_name":"Agon Memedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-7867","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-7867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agon Memedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Berlin,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009880179","display_name":"Chunghan Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-2258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-2258"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093665","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0076knn86","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261461","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America Research & Development (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5jha84","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853","https://openalex.org/I4405261461"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunghan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Motor North America R&D,InfoTech Labs,CA,U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Motor North America R&D,InfoTech Labs,CA,U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4405261461"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021752206","display_name":"Seyhan U\u00e7ar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3183-0889","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3183-0889"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093665","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0076knn86","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261461","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America Research & Development (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5jha84","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853","https://openalex.org/I4405261461"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyhan Ucar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Motor North America R&D,InfoTech Labs,CA,U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Motor North America R&D,InfoTech Labs,CA,U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4405261461"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053978714","display_name":"Onur Altintas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-7358","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-7358","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5487-5273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093665","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0076knn86","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261461","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America Research & Development (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5jha84","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853","https://openalex.org/I4405261461"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onur Altintas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Motor North America R&D,InfoTech Labs,CA,U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Motor North America R&D,InfoTech Labs,CA,U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4405261461"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042212040","display_name":"Falko Dressler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-1750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-1750"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Falko Dressler","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Berlin,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27304613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"261","last_page":"269"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14098","display_name":"Energy Efficiency in Computing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-offloading","display_name":"task offloading","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-networks","display_name":"vehicular networks","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"mobile edge computing","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload-fairness","display_name":"workload fairness","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"multi-agent reinforcement learning","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matd3","display_name":"MATD3","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-decision-making","display_name":"decentralized decision-making","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deadline-constraints","display_name":"deadline constraints","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-scenarios","display_name":"traffic scenarios","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-mobility","display_name":"vehicle mobility","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8245000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6866999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5769000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48829999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779191767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887075","display_name":"Mobile cloud computing","level":3,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metacom65502.2025.00049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking and Applications (MetaCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2221980827","https://openalex.org/W2244651199","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2611274618","https://openalex.org/W2785507034","https://openalex.org/W2788659406","https://openalex.org/W2887882740","https://openalex.org/W2938544932","https://openalex.org/W2938947295","https://openalex.org/W2982511630","https://openalex.org/W3009649541","https://openalex.org/W3041822452","https://openalex.org/W3176917312","https://openalex.org/W3180054225","https://openalex.org/W3186739297","https://openalex.org/W3211538945","https://openalex.org/W4245940664","https://openalex.org/W4290996207","https://openalex.org/W4313291084","https://openalex.org/W4392399531","https://openalex.org/W4392643733","https://openalex.org/W4400231821","https://openalex.org/W4408099835","https://openalex.org/W4409097505","https://openalex.org/W4410376255","https://openalex.org/W4411950408","https://openalex.org/W4412130508"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Task":[0],"offloading":[1,68,82,91],"in":[2,112,159],"mobile":[3],"edge":[4,38],"computing":[5,39],"(MEC)":[6],"is":[7,110],"essential":[8],"for":[9,43],"reducing":[10],"latency,":[11],"balancing":[12],"workload,":[13],"and":[14,51,65,100,117,131,154],"meeting":[15],"task":[16,67,81],"deadlines.":[17,107],"In":[18],"the":[19,24,41,48,52,139,145],"scope":[20],"of":[21,26],"vehicular":[22,28],"networks,":[23],"concept":[25],"a":[27,72,113,118,129],"micro":[29],"cloud":[30],"(VMC)":[31],"has":[32],"been":[33],"designed":[34],"to":[35,54,61,87,104,138,144],"handle":[36],"such":[37],"without":[40],"need":[42,53],"installed":[44],"MEC":[45],"infrastructure.":[46],"However,":[47],"mobility":[49],"vehicles":[50,86],"fairly":[55],"distribute":[56],"workload":[57,157],"make":[58,88],"it":[59],"vital":[60],"develop":[62],"an":[63],"adaptive":[64],"intelligent":[66],"strategy.":[69],"We":[70,124],"propose":[71],"multi-agent":[73],"twin":[74],"delayed":[75],"deep":[76],"deterministic":[77],"policy":[78],"gradient":[79],"(MATD3)-based":[80],"strategy":[83],"that":[84,134],"enables":[85],"decentralized,":[89],"dynamic":[90,152],"decisions.":[92],"Our":[93,108],"solution":[94,148],"significantly":[95],"enhances":[96],"overall":[97],"fairness":[98,158],"stability,":[99],"also":[101],"improves":[102],"delays":[103],"meet":[105],"relevant":[106],"approach":[109,127],"evaluated":[111],"single":[114],"intersection":[115],"scenario":[116,121],"real-world":[119],"traffic":[120],"from":[122],"Nagoya.":[123],"compare":[125],"our":[126,147],"with":[128,151,161],"greedy":[130],"exhaustive":[132],"baseline":[133],"sequentially":[135],"offloads":[136],"tasks":[137],"current":[140],"least-loaded":[141],"vehicle.":[142],"Compared":[143],"baselines,":[146],"can":[149],"deal":[150],"scenarios":[153],"provide":[155],"long-term":[156],"combination":[160],"reduced":[162],"delays.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}