{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415033488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.22526","title":"AI instructional agent improves student's perceived learner control and learning outcome: empirical evidence from a randomized controlled trial","display_name":"AI instructional agent improves student's perceived learner control and learning outcome: empirical evidence from a randomized controlled trial","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415033488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.22526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.22526","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22526","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.22526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.22526","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qin, Fei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092296002","display_name":"Zhanxin Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1526-8515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1526-8515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao, Zhanxin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038246814","display_name":"Jifan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3430-4048","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3430-4048"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Jifan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320711","display_name":"Zhiyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9231-8195","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9231-8195","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3802-4635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Zhiyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University Beijing , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075131520","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-8095","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-8095"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China","Wennan Building , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China, 100084"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Tsinghua University Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wennan Building , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China, 100084","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9047999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9047999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.08399999886751175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbots","display_name":"chatbots","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moocs","display_name":"MOOCs","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-paced-learning","display_name":"self-paced learning","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"student engagement","score":0.46299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6661999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5817000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155108698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231081","display_name":"Randomized experiment","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909807104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer-Assisted Instruction","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100480397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836899","display_name":"Treatment and control groups","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.22526","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22526","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.22526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.22526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.22526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.22526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.22526","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22526","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.22526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9901999831199646,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415033488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415033488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411505840","https://openalex.org/W4407773708","https://openalex.org/W4415285292","https://openalex.org/W7128521020","https://openalex.org/W7140284691","https://openalex.org/W4416297703","https://openalex.org/W7167424929","https://openalex.org/W4405974613","https://openalex.org/W4410776223","https://openalex.org/W7166086041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,26,69,84,90,102],"impact":[4],"of":[5,57,78],"an":[6,52],"AI":[7,53,70,135],"instructional":[8,37,54,71,103,136],"agent":[9,55,72],"on":[10,31],"students'":[11,150],"perceived":[12,79,109],"learner":[13,80,110],"control":[14,81,111],"and":[15,51,60,95,124,144,153],"academic":[16],"performance":[17],"in":[18,64,68,97],"a":[19,32,41,45],"medium":[20],"demanding":[21],"course":[22],"with":[23,48,101,116],"lecturing":[24],"as":[25,120],"main":[27],"teaching":[28],"strategy.":[29],"Based":[30],"randomized":[33],"controlled":[34],"trial,":[35],"three":[36],"conditions":[38],"were":[39],"compared:":[40],"traditional":[42],"human":[43],"teacher,":[44],"self-paced":[46],"MOOC":[47],"chatbot":[49],"support,":[50],"capable":[56],"delivering":[58],"lectures":[59],"responding":[61],"to":[62,83,140],"questions":[63],"real":[65],"time.":[66],"Students":[67],"group":[73],"reported":[74],"significantly":[75],"higher":[76,125],"levels":[77],"compared":[82],"other":[85],"groups.":[86],"They":[87],"also":[88],"completed":[89],"learning":[91,122,151,154],"task":[92],"more":[93,98],"efficiently":[94],"engaged":[96],"frequent":[99],"interactions":[100],"system.":[104],"Regression":[105],"analyzes":[106],"showed":[107],"that":[108,134],"positively":[112],"predicted":[113],"post-test":[114],"performance,":[115],"behavioral":[117],"indicators":[118],"such":[119],"reduced":[121],"time":[123],"interaction":[126],"frequency":[127],"supporting":[128],"this":[129],"relationship.":[130],"These":[131],"findings":[132],"suggest":[133],"agents,":[137],"when":[138],"designed":[139],"support":[141],"personalized":[142],"pace":[143],"responsive":[145],"interaction,":[146],"can":[147],"enhance":[148],"both":[149],"experience":[152],"outcomes.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
