{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414917469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177","title":"Predictive Numerical Modeling of Inelastic Buckling for Process Optimization in Cold Forging of Aluminum, Stainless Steel, and Copper","display_name":"Predictive Numerical Modeling of Inelastic Buckling for Process Optimization in Cold Forging of Aluminum, Stainless Steel, and Copper","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414917469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr13103177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/10/3177/pdf?version=1759813887","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/10/3177/pdf?version=1759813887","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118768160","display_name":"Dan Lagat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0913-3328","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0913-3328"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129615261","display_name":"Vaal University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ey7mm31","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129615261"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Lagat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Operations Management, and Mechanical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0913-3328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Operations Management, and Mechanical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129615261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118768161","display_name":"Huzeifa Munawar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129615261","display_name":"Vaal University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ey7mm31","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129615261"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huzeifa Munawar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Operations Management, and Mechanical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Operations Management, and Mechanical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129615261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045437177","display_name":"Eliakim Niva Akhusama","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eliakim Akhusama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026207440","display_name":"Alfayo Anyika Alugongo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-6222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-6222"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129615261","display_name":"Vaal University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ey7mm31","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129615261"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfayo Alugongo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Operations Management, and Mechanical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-6222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Operations Management, and Mechanical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129615261"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020870080","display_name":"Hilary Limo Rutto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-5167","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-5167"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilary Rutto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3 Wits 2050, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3 Wits 2050, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118768160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129615261"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.3013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51775187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"3177","last_page":"3177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10700","display_name":"Metal Forming Simulation Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10700","display_name":"Metal Forming Simulation Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11201","display_name":"Metallurgy and Material Forming","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14156","display_name":"Engineering Applied Research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inelastic-buckling","display_name":"inelastic buckling","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-forging","display_name":"cold forging","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-hardening","display_name":"strain hardening","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/friction-coefficient","display_name":"friction coefficient","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/billet-geometry","display_name":"billet geometry","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aluminum","display_name":"aluminum","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stainless-steel","display_name":"stainless steel","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-regression","display_name":"nonlinear regression","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96494537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193057","display_name":"Forging","level":2,"score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85476182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693104","display_name":"Buckling","level":2,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37292000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257918","display_name":"Residual stress","level":2,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162611839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912214","display_name":"Flow stress","level":3,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776704300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501203","display_name":"Work hardening","level":3,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156413551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621123","display_name":"Strain hardening exponent","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31555180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523867","display_name":"Material properties","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779747408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211367","display_name":"Sheet metal","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79186407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074","display_name":"Plasticity","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989031253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Numerical modeling","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48753275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216","display_name":"Numerical analysis","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44255700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978423","display_name":"Hardening (computing)","level":3,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902","display_name":"Mathematical model","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518456604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899599","display_name":"Stress\u2013strain curve","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183906286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4284762","display_name":"Material flow","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84035572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193463","display_name":"Continuum mechanics","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154954056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1604164","display_name":"Transverse plane","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139321929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363994","display_name":"Forming processes","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr13103177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/10/3177/pdf?version=1759813887","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr13103177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/10/3177/pdf?version=1759813887","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414917469.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414917469.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1110110480","https://openalex.org/W1201798662","https://openalex.org/W1617953695","https://openalex.org/W1991033831","https://openalex.org/W2040941376","https://openalex.org/W2081635597","https://openalex.org/W2090666612","https://openalex.org/W2091217303","https://openalex.org/W2091290367","https://openalex.org/W2118233401","https://openalex.org/W2138990614","https://openalex.org/W2387925188","https://openalex.org/W2502390260","https://openalex.org/W2795565162","https://openalex.org/W2886405339","https://openalex.org/W2902753574","https://openalex.org/W2915328654","https://openalex.org/W2943274935","https://openalex.org/W2963051821","https://openalex.org/W2967083028","https://openalex.org/W3017517250","https://openalex.org/W3097943933","https://openalex.org/W3124008433","https://openalex.org/W3129188277","https://openalex.org/W3201051780","https://openalex.org/W3210775718","https://openalex.org/W3216674510","https://openalex.org/W4205677035","https://openalex.org/W4253533760","https://openalex.org/W4294946154","https://openalex.org/W4319839696","https://openalex.org/W4321248418","https://openalex.org/W4363650945","https://openalex.org/W4385654968","https://openalex.org/W4386099216","https://openalex.org/W4389482780","https://openalex.org/W4391352086","https://openalex.org/W4399907131","https://openalex.org/W4400934128","https://openalex.org/W4401792181","https://openalex.org/W4402087922","https://openalex.org/W4403604226","https://openalex.org/W4404337372","https://openalex.org/W4410069441","https://openalex.org/W4411902176","https://openalex.org/W4412106009"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,99,152,194],"growing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,15,56,71,221],"precision":[4],"and":[5,34,64,91,96,123,125,132,150,158,185,225],"consistency":[6],"in":[7,74,237],"the":[8,13,37,145,191],"forging":[9,90],"industry":[10],"has":[11,22],"heightened":[12],"need":[14],"predictive":[16],"simulation":[17],"tools.":[18],"While":[19],"extensive":[20],"research":[21],"focused":[23],"on":[24,144,212],"parameters":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"flow":[28],"stress,":[29],"die":[30,139],"wear,":[31],"billet":[32,40,111,156],"fracture,":[33],"residual":[35],"stresses,":[36],"phenomenon":[38],"of":[39,110,147],"buckling,":[41],"especially":[42],"during":[43,88,231],"cold":[44,89],"upset":[45],"forging,":[46,232],"remains":[47],"underexplored.":[48],"Most":[49],"existing":[50],"models":[51],"address":[52],"only":[53],"elastic":[54],"buckling":[55,87,163,199,209],"slender":[57],"billets":[58],"using":[59],"classical":[60],"approaches":[61],"like":[62],"Euler":[63],"Rankine-Gordon":[65],"formulae,":[66],"which":[67],"are":[68],"not":[69,206],"suitable":[70],"inelastic":[72,86],"deformation":[73],"shorter":[75],"billets.":[76],"This":[77,215],"study":[78],"presents":[79],"a":[80,108,168,218],"numerical":[81,192],"model":[82,100,196],"developed":[83,195],"to":[84,92,189],"analyze":[85],"determine":[93],"associated":[94],"stresses":[95,200],"deflection":[97],"characteristics.":[98],"was":[101,187],"validated":[102],"through":[103],"finite":[104],"element":[105],"simulations":[106],"across":[107,201],"range":[109],"geometries":[112],"(10\u201340":[113],"mm":[114,117],"diameter,":[115],"120":[116],"length),":[118],"materials":[119],"(aluminum,":[120],"stainless":[121],"steel,":[122],"copper),":[124],"friction":[126,166,186],"coefficients":[127],"(\u00b5":[128],"=":[129],"0.12,":[130],"0.16,":[131],"0.35).":[133],"Stress":[134],"distributions":[135],"were":[136],"evaluated":[137],"against":[138],"stroke,":[140],"with":[141],"particular":[142],"emphasis":[143],"influence":[146],"strain":[148],"hardening":[149],"geometry.":[151],"results":[153],"showed":[154],"that":[155],"geometry":[157],"strain-hardening":[159],"exponent":[160],"significantly":[161],"affect":[162],"behavior,":[164],"whereas":[165],"had":[167],"secondary":[169],"effect,":[170],"mainly":[171],"altering":[172],"overall":[173],"stress":[174,213,229],"levels.":[175],"A":[176],"nonlinear":[177],"regression":[178],"approach":[179],"incorporating":[180],"material":[181],"properties,":[182],"geometric":[183],"parameters,":[184],"used":[188],"formulate":[190],"model.":[193],"effectively":[197],"estimated":[198],"various":[202],"conditions":[203],"but":[204],"could":[205],"precisely":[207],"predict":[208],"points":[210],"based":[211],"differentials.":[214],"work":[216],"contributes":[217],"novel":[219],"framework":[220],"integrating":[222],"material,":[223],"geometric,":[224],"process":[226],"variables":[227],"into":[228],"prediction":[230],"advancing":[233],"defect":[234],"control":[235],"strategies":[236],"industrial":[238],"metal":[239],"forming.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}