{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414909445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066","title":"Topological Analysis of Mixer Activities in the Bitcoin Network","display_name":"Topological Analysis of Mixer Activities in the Bitcoin Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414909445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.11924","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067556242","display_name":"Francesco Zola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-5515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-5515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092551","display_name":"Vicomtech","ror":"https://ror.org/0023sah13","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Zola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114386403","display_name":"Jon Ander Medina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1107-0617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1107-0617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092551","display_name":"Vicomtech","ror":"https://ror.org/0023sah13","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Ander Medina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea Venturi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092551","display_name":"Vicomtech","ror":"https://ror.org/0023sah13","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Venturi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015493427","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Orduna-Urrutia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-0987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-0987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092551","display_name":"Vicomtech","ror":"https://ror.org/0023sah13","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raul Orduna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vicomtech Foundation,Digital Security,Donostia,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3863,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95353407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.12229999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.061400000005960464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitcoin-blockchain","display_name":"Bitcoin blockchain","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"network topology","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-detection","display_name":"community detection","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clustering","display_name":"clustering","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modus-operandi","display_name":"modus operandi","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"money laundering","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-money-laundering","display_name":"anti-money laundering","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency-exchanges","display_name":"cryptocurrency exchanges","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"anonymity","score":0.48399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.775600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6883999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5026000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776477805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4460773","display_name":"Topological data analysis","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157497606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603227","display_name":"traceroute","level":3,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc64466.2025.11185066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.11924","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.11924","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.11924","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.11924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.11924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.11924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.11924","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.11924","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.11924","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3771002347","display_name":"Innovations in Detecting and Disrupting Crime-as-a-Service Operations","funder_award_id":"101168562","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414909445.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414909445.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151377110","https://openalex.org/W1567553843","https://openalex.org/W1589846406","https://openalex.org/W1994130174","https://openalex.org/W2022932831","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2413088062","https://openalex.org/W2613637871","https://openalex.org/W2731497859","https://openalex.org/W2898334543","https://openalex.org/W2980890999","https://openalex.org/W3000225817","https://openalex.org/W3035504622","https://openalex.org/W3083869469","https://openalex.org/W3096419271","https://openalex.org/W3162879054","https://openalex.org/W3196161392","https://openalex.org/W4376464521","https://openalex.org/W4386756786","https://openalex.org/W4403813614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7151417824","https://openalex.org/W4315490713","https://openalex.org/W4408772837","https://openalex.org/W7015820448","https://openalex.org/W7164935473","https://openalex.org/W6999933493","https://openalex.org/W4413838734","https://openalex.org/W4385807068","https://openalex.org/W4318185064","https://openalex.org/W7065283796"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cryptocurrency":[0],"users":[1],"increasingly":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4],"obfuscation":[5,38],"techniques":[6],"such":[7],"as":[8,68],"mixers,":[9],"swappers,":[10],"and":[11,33,64,92,118,198,209],"decentralised":[12],"or":[13],"no-KYC":[14],"exchanges":[15],"to":[16,31,48,58,81,96,113,121,137,142,153],"protect":[17],"their":[18,53,74,89,144,187],"anonymity.":[19],"However,":[20],"at":[21],"the":[22,44,83,103,155,160,200],"same":[23],"time,":[24],"these":[25],"services":[26],"are":[27,55],"exploited":[28],"by":[29,87,130],"criminals":[30],"conceal":[32],"launder":[34],"illicit":[35],"funds.":[36],"Among":[37],"services,":[39],"mixers":[40,86],"remain":[41],"one":[42],"of":[43,85,203],"most":[45],"challenging":[46],"entities":[47],"tackle.":[49],"This":[50,190],"is":[51,127,151],"because":[52],"owners":[54],"often":[56],"unwilling":[57],"cooperate":[59],"with":[60],"Law":[61],"Enforcement":[62],"Agencies,":[63],"technically,":[65],"they":[66],"operate":[67],"\u2018black":[69],"boxes\u2019.":[70],"To":[71],"better":[72],"understand":[73,143],"functionalities,":[75],"this":[76],"paper":[77,191],"proposes":[78],"an":[79,193],"approach":[80,108,150],"analyse":[82],"operations":[84,205],"examining":[88],"address-transaction":[90,169],"graphs":[91],"identifying":[93],"topological":[94,116],"similarities":[95],"uncover":[97],"common":[98],"patterns":[99,167],"that":[100,172],"can":[101],"define":[102],"mixer\u2019s":[104],"modus":[105,212],"operandi.":[106,213],"The":[107,125,149],"utilises":[109],"community":[110],"detection":[111],"algorithms":[112,120],"extract":[114],"dense":[115],"structures":[117],"clustering":[119],"group":[122],"similar":[123],"communities.":[124],"analysis":[126],"further":[128],"enriched":[129],"incorporating":[131],"data":[132],"from":[133],"external":[134],"sources":[135],"related":[136],"known":[138],"Exchanges,":[139],"in":[140,146,206],"order":[141],"role":[145],"mixer":[147,157,204],"operations.":[148],"applied":[152],"dissect":[154],"Blender.io":[156],"activities":[158],"within":[159],"Bitcoin":[161],"blockchain,":[162],"revealing:":[163],"i)":[164],"consistent":[165],"structural":[166],"across":[168],"graphs;":[170],"ii)":[171],"Exchanges":[173],"play":[174],"a":[175,179],"key":[176],"role,":[177],"following":[178],"well-established":[180],"pattern,":[181],"which":[182],"raises":[183],"several":[184],"concerns":[185],"about":[186],"AML/KYC":[188],"policies.":[189],"represents":[192],"initial":[194],"step":[195],"toward":[196],"dissecting":[197],"understanding":[199],"complex":[201],"nature":[202],"cryptocurrency":[207],"networks":[208],"extracting":[210],"its":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}