{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414876366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","title":"Analyzing Grammar Proficiency Through Placement Test Data: Evidence from Three Chinese Universities","display_name":"Analyzing Grammar Proficiency Through Placement Test Data: Evidence from Three Chinese Universities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414876366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7658307/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7658307/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085100498","display_name":"Rizal Dapat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7747-5792","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7747-5792"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103193709","display_name":"Adamson University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xbjad38","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103193709"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rizal Dapat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adamson University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adamson University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103193709"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085100498"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103193709"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-proficiency","display_name":"grammar proficiency","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efl-learners","display_name":"EFL learners","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/placement-testing","display_name":"placement testing","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-college-students","display_name":"Chinese university students","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verb-tense-errors","display_name":"tense errors","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject-verb-agreement","display_name":"subject-verb agreement","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossilized-errors","display_name":"fossilized errors","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communicative-language-teaching","display_name":"communicative language teaching","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociocultural-theory","display_name":"sociocultural theory","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sdg-4","display_name":"Sustainable Development Goal 4","score":0.7799999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5121999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776397901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24905","display_name":"Verb","level":2,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.4544000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560583","display_name":"English grammar","level":3,"score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778808534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5463946","display_name":"Focus on form","level":3,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122581418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714910","display_name":"Traditional grammar","level":3,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96659820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566750","display_name":"Communicative language teaching","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166007726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4536542","display_name":"Language assessment","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779281236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192613","display_name":"Present tense","level":3,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7658307/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7658307/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7658307/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414876366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414876366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2612482764","https://openalex.org/W4206708522","https://openalex.org/W4245821203","https://openalex.org/W4254230660","https://openalex.org/W4307874721","https://openalex.org/W4321374836","https://openalex.org/W4411648871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7146269491","https://openalex.org/W6968068835","https://openalex.org/W7144983725","https://openalex.org/W7217683196","https://openalex.org/W1554853697","https://openalex.org/W2392362759","https://openalex.org/W4408728141","https://openalex.org/W2386223593","https://openalex.org/W6968675743","https://openalex.org/W7131404729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Grammar":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,75,99,173],"focal":[4],"yet":[5],"challenging":[6],"area":[7],"of":[8,108,116,165,169,179,236],"EFL":[9],"learning,":[10,68],"particularly":[11],"in":[12,58,150,163,183,208,240],"Asian":[13],"contexts":[14],"where":[15],"instruction":[16,199],"is":[17,63,213],"frequently":[18],"test-driven":[19],"rather":[20],"than":[21],"communicative.":[22],"Despite":[23],"the":[24,103,106,113,117,192,234],"Chinese":[25,92],"government\u2019s":[26],"efforts":[27],"and":[28,34,55,125,155,195,222],"resources":[29],"to":[30,40,50,94,130,191,203],"promote":[31],"innovative":[32],"pedagogy":[33],"strengthen":[35],"English":[36,67,121,170],"instruction,":[37],"grammar":[38,69,96,114,184,238],"continues":[39],"pose":[41],"difficulties":[42],"for":[43],"many":[44],"university":[45],"students,":[46],"limiting":[47],"their":[48,209],"capacity":[49],"write":[51],"prolifically,":[52],"comprehend":[53],"critically,":[54],"communicate":[56],"effectively":[57],"English.":[59],"Although":[60],"much":[61],"research":[62],"being":[64],"conducted":[65],"on":[66,188,197],"has":[70],"not":[71],"been":[72],"utilized":[73],"as":[74],"diagnostic":[76,237],"concept.":[77],"To":[78],"address":[79,244],"this":[80,82],"gap,":[81],"study":[83,104],"utilizes":[84],"data":[85],"from":[86],"placement":[87],"exams":[88],"administered":[89],"at":[90,143],"three":[91],"universities":[93],"assess":[95],"proficiency.":[97],"Using":[98],"quantitative-descriptive,":[100],"cross-sectional":[101],"design,":[102],"analyzed":[105],"results":[107],"314":[109],"students":[110,141],"who":[111],"completed":[112],"component":[115],"National":[118],"Geographic":[119],"Learning":[120],"Placement":[122],"Test.":[123],"Descriptive":[124],"inferential":[126],"statistics":[127],"were":[128,142,161],"applied":[129],"compare":[131],"proficiency":[132],"across":[133],"demographic":[134],"indicators.":[135],"The":[136,225],"findings":[137,226],"showed":[138],"that":[139,200,243],"most":[140],"an":[144,205],"intermediate":[145],"level,":[146],"with":[147,177],"recurring":[148],"errors":[149],"sentence":[151],"construction,":[152],"verb":[153],"tense,":[154],"subject\u2013verb":[156],"agreement.":[157],"No":[158],"significant":[159],"differences":[160],"observed":[162],"years":[164,178],"education":[166],"or":[167],"length":[168],"study,":[171],"although":[172],"weak":[174],"correlation":[175],"emerged":[176],"education.":[180],"Genuine":[181],"progress":[182],"learning":[185],"depends":[186],"less":[187],"simple":[189],"exposure":[190],"target":[193],"language":[194],"more":[196],"evidence-based":[198],"empowers":[201],"learners":[202],"take":[204],"active":[206],"role":[207],"development.":[210],"This":[211],"perspective":[212],"framed":[214],"within":[215],"Communicative":[216],"Language":[217,220],"Teaching,":[218],"Diagnostic":[219],"Assessment,":[221],"Sociocultural":[223],"Theory.":[224],"support":[227],"Sustainable":[228],"Development":[229],"Goal":[230],"4":[231],"by":[232],"highlighting":[233],"usefulness":[235],"testing":[239],"developing":[241],"interventions":[242],"fossilized":[245],"errors.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}