{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414875604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.11221","title":"LLM-as-a-Fuzzy-Judge: Fine-Tuning Large Language Models as a Clinical Evaluation Judge with Fuzzy Logic","display_name":"LLM-as-a-Fuzzy-Judge: Fine-Tuning Large Language Models as a Clinical Evaluation Judge with Fuzzy Logic","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414875604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.11221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.11221","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11221","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.11221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.11221","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064707763","display_name":"Weibing Zheng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Weibing","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050352146","display_name":"Laurah Turner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-1313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-1313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Turner, Laurah","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055173784","display_name":"Jess Kropczynski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7458-6003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7458-6003"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kropczynski, Jess","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053076513","display_name":"Murat \u00d6zer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2518-3398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2518-3398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozer, Murat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nguyen, Tri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen, Tri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072395820","display_name":"Shane E. Halse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-6715","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-6715"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halse, Shane","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8101000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8101000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.05420000106096268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.042399998754262924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"fuzzy logic","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-communication-skills","display_name":"clinical communication skills","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-sets","display_name":"fuzzy sets","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professionalism","display_name":"professionalism","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-behavior","display_name":"moral behavior","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-fine-tuning","display_name":"supervised fine-tuning","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.6754999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775940519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17067742","display_name":"Logic model","level":2,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.11221","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11221","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.11221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.11221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.11221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.11221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.11221","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11221","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.11221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310256","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414875604.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414875604.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979725639","https://openalex.org/W2003160342","https://openalex.org/W2163481099","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4319460874","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4360891289","https://openalex.org/W4385379701","https://openalex.org/W4390638022","https://openalex.org/W4390700422","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4400520863","https://openalex.org/W4411119074","https://openalex.org/W4411403346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214209004","https://openalex.org/W7166532601","https://openalex.org/W7162424985","https://openalex.org/W4411371236","https://openalex.org/W4403851744","https://openalex.org/W4400665557","https://openalex.org/W7212040966","https://openalex.org/W7124460067","https://openalex.org/W7214004428","https://openalex.org/W7153670748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinical":[0],"communication":[1,13],"skills":[2,14,73],"are":[3],"critical":[4],"in":[5,28,201],"medical":[6,30,70,88,125,202],"education,":[7,203],"and":[8,10,36,52,57,110,139,172,191,204,209],"practicing":[9],"assessing":[11],"clinical":[12,22,32,38,72],"on":[15,97,131],"a":[16,175],"scale":[17],"is":[18,45,79,84,218],"challenging.":[19],"Although":[20],"LLM-powered":[21,124],"scenario":[23],"simulations":[24],"have":[25],"shown":[26],"promise":[27],"enhancing":[29],"students'":[31,71,89],"practice,":[33],"providing":[34],"automated":[35,67,199],"scalable":[37],"evaluation":[39,68,200],"that":[40,82,155],"follows":[41],"nuanced":[42],"physician":[43],"judgment":[44,210],"difficult.":[46],"This":[47,182],"paper":[48,117],"combines":[49],"fuzzy":[50,102,133,170,189],"logic":[51,171,190],"Large":[53],"Language":[54],"Model":[55],"(LLM)":[56],"proposes":[58],"LLM-as-a-Fuzzy-Judge":[59,78,157],"to":[60,86,177,193],"address":[61],"the":[62,66,123,140,145,156,185],"challenge":[63],"of":[64,69,115,144,187,215],"aligning":[65],"with":[74,162,195],"subjective":[75],"physicians'":[76],"preferences.":[77],"an":[80],"approach":[81],"LLM":[83,173,192],"fine-tuned":[85],"evaluate":[87],"utterances":[90],"within":[91],"student-AI":[92],"patient":[93],"conversation":[94],"scripts":[95],"based":[96,130],"human":[98,150,196],"annotations":[99],"from":[100,119,122],"four":[101],"sets,":[103,134],"including":[104],"Professionalism,":[105],"Medical":[106],"Relevance,":[107],"Ethical":[108],"Behavior,":[109],"Contextual":[111],"Distraction.":[112],"The":[113,152,212],"methodology":[114],"this":[116,216],"started":[118],"data":[120,128],"collection":[121],"education":[126],"system,":[127],"annotation":[129],"multidimensional":[132],"followed":[135],"by":[136],"prompt":[137],"engineering":[138],"supervised":[141],"fine-tuning":[142],"(SFT)":[143],"pre-trained":[146],"LLMs":[147],"using":[148],"these":[149],"annotations.":[151],"results":[153],"show":[154],"achieves":[158],"over":[159,166],"80\\%":[160],"accuracy,":[161],"major":[163],"criteria":[164],"items":[165],"90\\%,":[167],"effectively":[168],"leveraging":[169,188],"as":[174],"solution":[176],"deliver":[178],"interpretable,":[179],"human-aligned":[180],"assessment.":[181],"work":[183,217],"suggests":[184],"viability":[186],"align":[194],"preferences,":[197],"advances":[198],"supports":[205],"more":[206],"robust":[207],"assessment":[208],"practices.":[211],"GitHub":[213],"repository":[214],"available":[219],"at":[220],"https://github.com/2sigmaEdTech/LLMAsAJudge":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
